Apple Logic Express 9 User Manual

Logic Express 9User Manual

Quantizing Audio and MIDI623Chapter 21Understanding Region- and Event-based Quantization624Understanding the Quantize Grid Options624Fine-Tuning the Q

• Other windows (No Link, Same Level Link, or Content Link)Working in Catch ModeWhen you work in Catch mode, the visible section of a window follows t

3 Click Create to have all exported files placed in one folder, which is named after theexported file. This is the convention used by the Tascam MX re

Set the start time of first imported event to start of project?If you choose Set, the first audio part imported is placed precisely at the project sta

To import an AAF fileDo one of the following:µChoose File > Import (or use the corresponding key command), then choose the AAF filein the Import di

Working with Soundtrack Pro STAP FilesSoundtrack Pro can be used as an alternative to the internal Sample Editor of Logic Express.To edit audio files

The audio file is opened as a new audio file project in Soundtrack Pro. The new audio fileproject is automatically named after the original audio file

3 Define the following parameters, as required.• Save As: Enter a name for the new audio file.• File selector: Browse to, and choose the target folder

• One File per Channel Strip: Creates additional bounce files for each aux channel stripthat has a multi-output of the selected track’s multi output s

3 Define the following parameters, as required.• Save As: Enter a name for the new audio file.• File selector: Browse to, and choose the target folder

• One File per Channel Strip: Creates additional bounce files for each aux channel stripthat has a multi-output of the selected track’s multi output s

2 Define the following parameters, as required.• Save As: Enter a name for the new audio file.• File selector: Browse to and choose the target folder

• Content Link: This mode results in the window always showing the contents of theregion selected in the key focus window. The display is therefore al

• One File per Channel Strip: Creates additional bounce files for each aux channel stripthat has a multi-output of the selected track’s multi-output s

Logic Express provides several different tools and methods for creating and editing tempoevents. Tempo can be changed or edited in the Transport bar,

To change the format of the tempo display1 Open Display preferences by doing one of the following:• Choose Logic Express > Preferences > Display

The Tempo track displays tempo changes as nodes: dots connected by lines. By default,these dots are followed by horizontal lines that continue to the

Creating Tempo Curves in the Tempo TrackTo create a continuous transition between two tempi, click-hold and drag the tip of theright angle line (the c

The display range (the scale shown to the left) of the tempo track is automatically adjustedwhen you choose a value that exceeds the current minimum o

µDouble-click either range value and type a numerical value into the text field.These user-defined values are displayed in yellow. If you want to retu

Given this behavior, you should avoid making changes in the Tempo track after usingBeat Mapping functions. If you do so, the timing derived from the B

Using the Tempo ListThe Tempo List displays all tempo events in your project. You can open the Tempo Listas a tab in the Arrange window, or as an inde

µDrag the Tempo tab, which changes to the Tempo List window as you drag it.Creating and Editing Events in the Tempo ListThe layout and use of the Temp

Hiding or Showing the Transport BarIt is possible to hide the entire Transport bar, providing more workspace for regions,editors, and other data.To hi

To copy tempo changes from a passage1 Set the locators to the passage containing the correct tempo change.2 Choose Edit > Select Inside Locators.No

• Try out different tempo variationsTo switch between the different Tempo ListsDo one of the following:µChoose Options > Tempo Alternatives, and ch

Creating Tempo Curves in the Tempo Operations WindowThe Create Tempo Curve operation lets you create numerous tempo change events withjust a few param

Scaling Tempo Changes in the Tempo Operations WindowThe Scale Existing Tempo operation alters existing tempo changes proportionally (scalesthem). This

If Logic Express “hears” a Tap Tempo command, it automatically follows this tempo.The parameters that control how Logic Express responds to tap tempo

• Tempo Response: This parameter sets the sensitivity to tempo changes: the larger thevalue, the greater the sensitivity. You should set this value t

Using the Tempo FaderYou can create a real-time tempo fader in the Environment window by choosing New >Fader > Specials > Tempo Control. This

You will generally play to a metronome click when recording in Logic Express. There are,however, instances when you’ll want to record without a click,

Assuming accurate beat mapping, everything will be in time with the metronome tempo,affording you a number of advantages for further project developme

Once selected, short horizontal lines appear at the lower edge of the Beat Mapping track.These represent the notes in the selected regions.2 Starting

2 Drag the buttons you want to add from the Customize Toolbar dialog to any empty areaalong the top of the window.If you drag a button to a location b

Beat Mapping Audio RegionsBeat mapping audio regions works in a similar fashion as it does for MIDI regions. Themain difference is that Logic Express

There are a number of ways to improve the beat mapping accuracy of audio regions.When you click the Detect button in the Beat Mapping track, detected

To use the automatic Beat Mapping feature1 Select the region you want to make the project tempo display to, then click the Beatsfrom Region button in

Tip: If using the “Tolerate missing or additional events” algorithm, assign the respectivetransient manually before using the Beats from Region functi

You can use the Chord and Transposition tracks to edit the playback transposition of MIDIevents and Apple Loops over time.The Transposition track cont

• Creating and Editing Transposition and Chord Events (p. 1038)• Using the Chord Track to Analyze MIDI Regions (p. 1040)Opening the Chord and Transpos

Understanding How MIDI Events and Apple Loops AreTransposedTransposition events (and their chord counterparts) pitch-shift MIDI events andApple Loops.

Transposition events only affect MIDI events already in your project. They do not affectMIDI events that you create or record after editing the transp

To create a chord event in the Chord trackµClick a position in the Chord track with the Pencil tool, and define a chord symbol in theDefine Chord dial

To hide or show the Inspector in the Arrange windowDo one of the following:µChoose View > Inspector (or use the Hide/Show Inspector key command, de

µClick the event with the Eraser tool.Transposition events can be copied using the standard Copy and Paste procedures or bydragging them with the mous

To insert chords from the Chord track into the Score EditorµSelect the staff that you want to use for the chord symbols in the Score Editor, then choo

It is not essential to know about—or even open—the Environment window in order tomake music with the instruments of Logic Express or your external MID

To open the Environment windowµChoose Window > Environment (or use the Open Environment key command, defaultassignment: Command-8).You can also us

You determine the MIDI signal flow by connecting Environment objects with virtualcables. For full details, see Creating Your MIDI Signal Path.The conn

Understanding Protected LayersThe position (and existence) of the first two layers—All Objects and Global Objects—isprotected, and they cannot be dele

2 Press Return to confirm the new name.To delete a layer1 Do one of the following:• Choose Options > Layer > Delete (or use the Delete Layer key

Working with ObjectsAs with all windows, you interact with onscreen elements and data by using differenttools. The Environment window Tool menu offer

Moving ObjectsYou can move objects by grabbing their icon or name, and dragging them to a newposition on the layer. The surface of keyboard and fader

• Time and Bar: Displays the Bar ruler above the SMPTE ruler.The appearance of the Bar ruler can be changed by clicking the small note or clock iconat

2 Select the objects you want to move in the first Environment window, and drag themfrom one window to the other.Tip: You can also use this method to

• Object move up• Object move downTo align several selected objects horizontally or verticallyµChoose Options > Clean up > Align Objects (or use

Using Advanced Selection CommandsYou can make moving and copying tasks faster and easier by using the selectioncommands outlined below.• Selecting All

• Sequencer Input object: This represents the door into Logic Express for incoming MIDIevents.In Logic Express, incoming MIDI events (which arrive at

For example, the output of an arrange track (the note events in a MIDI region) routed to(software) instrument channel 1 can be arpeggiated. To do this

To make a direct output connectionµClick the Port menu in the object’s Parameter box, and choose a MIDI output.The Port menu lists all MIDI Outputs, p

Cabling Environment ObjectsThe cabling between Environment objects provides control over the entire MIDI signalpath. A cable is normally shown as a gr

• No: Your cabling takes place, but the direct output assignment remains intact. Thismeans that the source object is connected to two destinations—one

A cable connection to another layer looks like this:To remove a cable connectionDo one of the following:µClick the cable with the Eraser tool.µSelect

To route the signal of special output objects (outlined above) to several destinations1 Create a monitor object (see Monitor Objects) by choosing New

Hiding or Showing Global TracksIt is possible to hide or show global tracks in general, or to hide or show particular itemsin global tracks.To hide or

2 Select the destination object and choose Edit > Copy.3 Select the other objects that you want to connect to the same destination, and chooseOptio

You can also move selections of Environment objects (inclusive of cabling) betweenprojects by dragging or copy and pasting. This is made even simpler

Note: This complex task involves a lot of guesswork on the part of Logic Express, and theresults almost always require some manual fine-tuning on your

Logic Express maintains an internal list of all Environment objects. An object’s positionin the list is its Unique ID; as long as the object is not de

Tip: You can prevent the accidental alteration of the position, size, and cable connectionsof all objects by choosing View > Protect Cabling/Positi

This creates the mini Environment window, which floats above other windows.5 Position it as desired (above the Arrange window would be the most obviou

This chapter is designed as a reference to help you learn about the different Environmentobjects you can use in Logic Express. You’ll learn about each

• Chord Memorizer Objects (p. 1121)• Physical Input Objects (p. 1124)• Sequencer Input Objects (p. 1125)• MIDI Click Objects (p. 1126)• Internal Objec

An Object Parameter box containing a reduced parameter set is shown for audio channelstrips when displayed in the Arrange window. The full parameter s

µControl-click (or right-click) anywhere in the global tracks header area, choose ConfigureGlobal Tracks from the shortcut menu (or use the correspond

If the checkbox is not selected, the object and its icon will still appear in the Environment.You should only select the Icon checkbox if the object w

• Channel: Sets the MIDI channel for the instrument’s output. If you set this parameterto All, all events are sent with their original channel setting

• No Reset: If the No Reset parameter is active, no reset messages are sent to theinstrument. This can be useful if controllers are being used for non

You will generally use multi-instrument objects to address multi-timbral hardwaresynthesizers or samplers. A multi-timbral sound module is one that ca

Program NamesThere are 128 program names in the Multi-Instrument window. A total of 15 banks of128 program names are available. There are several ways

With modern synths, there’s a good chance the format will match one of the top itemsin the menu: either controller #32 or controller #0. There are al

Cabling Directly to a Sub-ChannelTo connect the output of an Environment object directly to the input of a sub-channel,Option-click the source object’

• Sent to one of up to 16 output cables (This allows you to create a single instrumentthat addresses multiple sound sources.)• Given its own notation

• The names of GM Standard drum sounds by choosing Initialize > Names as GeneralMIDI.If a MIDI region (on a track routed to a mapped instrument obj

VelocityUse to set a velocity offset that is added to, or subtracted from, the velocity of the incomingnote. Drag the number vertically to create a ve

To resize the entire global tracks areaµPosition the mouse pointer over the dividing line between the global tracks and thearrange tracks, then drag u

Custom Bank SelectsLogic Express provides 15 bank numbers (0 to 14) for each standard instrument,multi-instrument (including sub-channels), or mapped

The letter in parentheses next to the bank number allows you to control the order oftransmission when a bank select requires more than one message.If

µChoose New > Touch Tracks from the Environment menu.To use a touch tracks objectDo one of the following:µAssign the touch tracks object to an arra

The Touch Tracks WindowDouble-clicking a touch tracks object opens the Touch Tracks window.This window is similar to the Mapped Instrument window. The

Transpos (Transposition)When you drag a region to a key in the Touch Tracks window, that key triggers the regionat its original pitch (without transpo

Fader ObjectsFaders are used to send MIDI events by clicking or dragging them. Faders come in differentforms (knobs, sliders, numerical, and buttons).

Don’t worry about choosing the wrong fader style or type from the New menu; you havecomplete control of a fader’s style and type via the Object Parame

Recording Fader MovementsYou don’t need any special cabling to record the data generated by a fader. All datagenerated by faders is recorded on the se

• The Options > Apply Buffer Template to > “Definition, channel increment” increasesthe channel number from object to object, beginning with the

ButtonsButton style faders can only send two possible values: the minimum and maximum valuesof their range.• When on, the maximum value is sent.• Whe

Note: Screensets 1 to 9 can be recalled by freely defined key commands, not only thenumber keys on your computer keyboard. This allows you to use the

• Behave as Menu: Select the Behave as Menu checkbox to make the text fader act likea pop-up menu. When this box is unselected, the text fader acts li

• -1- (0 to 127): Defines the first data byte of the event. In some cases, such as pitch bend,this is an actual data value. In other cases (MIDI contr

Value AsThis parameter determines the way that numerical values are displayed by the fader.• Number: The fader value is displayed as a number (0 to 12

For controllers, the MSB uses the Input definition controller number, and the LSB usesthe controller number 32 or higher. This conforms to the MIDI st

4-Channel Vector ModeIf you set a vector fader’s Vert and Horz definitions to the same MIDI event (the sameMIDI controller and channel), the vector fa

µChange an existing fader’s Output definition to Switch/Meta, and set its -1- value to 46.To create a meta type faderDo one of the following:µChoose i

Data values of 126 and 127 have a special effect.• An event with a value of 127 increases the output number. If you’re on the switcher’slast output wh

Controlled Logic Express functionMeta eventSet transformer condition minimum (top) parameter, if any. (Thisapplies to all conditions not set to All.)1

The positions of events in the list only control the order in which they are sent—they arenot sent at specific times, nor with any delay between them.

The corresponding SysEx message is displayed and the MIDI In button turns offautomatically.A second way of entering SysEx messages in the SysEx fader

Editing MIDI Events in the Transform Window721Chapter 26Getting to Know the Transform Window721Choosing and Using Transform Sets722Learning About the

Important: The File > New command deactivates all screenset locks.To copy screensets1 Switch to the screenset you want to copy, and choose Screense

Although you can have any number of messages (of any kind) in the SysEx fader’s EventList, there is only one fader value, and all selected messages ad

ResultValue optionThe value is sent as one byte.One ByteThe value is sent in two bytes, with the MSB (most significant byte)first.MSB/LSBThe value is

• Shift-Option-dragging any fader in the group changes all faders to the same value.Sending Fader ValuesYou can use Options > Send All Fader Values

This creates a meta fader, with a -1- definition set to 46.To use the alias assigner, cable its top output to the alias, and cable subsequent outputst

For faders, the Channel parameter causes the alias to act as if the original fader’s Inputand Output definitions are both set to the specified channel

The GM mixer is intended for controlling the 16 channels of a MIDI device which conformsto the GM, XG, or GS standard. This includes the GM set of 128

BankThe Bank parameter hides or shows the bank MSB/LSB display at the bottom of theGM mixer. You can save space by hiding the bank display, unless you

2 Choose the controller you want from the menu that appears.Extended GM, GS, and XG FunctionsIn addition to the GM Standard, there are extended standa

Keyboard ObjectsYou can use a keyboard object to create notes with the mouse. A keyboard object alsodisplays all notes passing through it. In this sen

To create a monitor objectµChoose New > Monitor (or use the New Monitor key command).Monitors are useful as both testing and branching devices. Whe

To delete the current screensetµChoose Screensets > Delete from the main menu bar (or use the Delete Screenset keycommand).Importing Screensets fro

Logic Express encloses all selected objects in a frame with a gray background.If some of the objects selected when a macro is being created have cable

Macro ParametersMacros have the following parameters:• Auto Fader checkbox: If you select a group of faders and create a macro from them,selecting thi

An arpeggiator features parameters for direction, velocity, speed (Resolution), note length,start quantize (Snap), repeats, octaves, and velocity offs

• Snap To: Unless this value is set to None, the arpeggiator waits for Logic Express toreach the next indicated note division before starting the arpe

Events that do not meet the conditions may pass unchanged to the output, or may bediscarded.The transformer can also make copies of matching events be

Configuring a Transformer ObjectDouble-clicking a transformer icon opens the Transformer window, where you can setthe conditions and operations.Settin

Copy Matching Events and Apply Operation (Reverse Order)This is the same as above, except the original is parsed after the processed copy. Youmight wa

• The data byte 2 value sets the value of the data byte.• The channel controls the action to be taken:• Channel 1: The changed SysEx message is sent.•

Meta events 122 to 127 affect transformer parameters.• Meta event #127 sets the first (top) operation value.• Meta event #126 sets the second (bottom)

Delay Line ObjectsA delay line object repeats (echoes) MIDI events passing through it, at intervals rangingfrom one tick to 256 whole notes.To create

• Transposition pop-up menu: Defines the transposition of note events per repeat.• Velocity field: Defines the change in the velocity values of note e

Channel Splitter ObjectsA channel splitter routes MIDI events by channel. Every MIDI event received at the channelsplitter input is automatically rout

To create a new chord memorizerµChoose New > Chord Memorizer from the local Environment menu (or use the New ChordMemorizer key command).The Chord

Working in the Chord Memorizer WindowDouble-clicking a chord memorizer opens the Chord Memorizer window, where you canset up chord definitions.The top

2 Select the Listen checkbox in the Chord Memorizer window.The lower keyboard is inverted, indicating its readiness to record.3 Play the notes of the

To create a Physical Input objectµChoose New > Physical Input.To make use of an existing object, drag it onto the relevant layer. This does not aff

By default, the Sequencer Input object records on the MIDI channel (or channels) thatthe keyboard or MIDI controller (which is sending the MIDI events

To create a MIDI Click objectµChoose New > MIDI Metronome Click.Each project can have only one MIDI Click object. You only need to create a MIDI Cl

Internal ObjectsInternal objects include instruments located inside your Mac computer (such as softwaresynthesizers and other musical applications). A

To manually create a ReWire object in the EnvironmentµChoose New > Internal > ReWire.Apart from common parameters, the Rewire object offers thre

Logic Express offers a number of project playback and navigation controls. You can usethe Transport bar, key commands, and the Bar ruler, and can also

Channel Strip ObjectsThe Environment’s channel strip object is the building block of the Environment’s Mixerlayer, the Mixer, and the Arrange channel

The Arrange channel strips contain a reduced parameter set of the corresponding channelstrip objects in the Environment. The channel strips shown in t

• Aux: Auxilliary channel strip, used as send returns for all channel strips (via Sends), assubgroup channels, and as individual output destinations f

Input channel strips can be used as live inputs that can stream audio signals from externalsources (such as MIDI synthesizers and sound modules) into

Logic Express allows QuickTime movie files to be synchronously viewed, making film andTV scoring quick and easy.This chapter covers the following:• Op

Note: You will need a fast hard processor to ensure smooth movie playback. If you wantto record and edit your own QuickTime movie (using iMovie or Fin

Using the Movie WindowYou can drag the position slider at the bottom of the Movie window, or use the QuickTimetransport buttons to the right, to navig

• Fullscreen: Expands the Movie window to fill the full screen.• Keep Aspect Ratio: If enabled, the proportions of the image are retained when resizin

Video track settings can be adjusted in the Video preferences window.For further details about these preferences, see Video Preferences in Logic Expre

Setting the Playhead PositionThe playhead is a vertical line that indicates the current position in all horizontal,time-based windows. It is positione

To search a movie for scene cutsµChoose a movie range in the Options > Marker > Create Movie Scene Markers menu.The Auto Range setting follows t

Handling QuickTime Movie Audio TracksOnce a movie has been opened in a project, you can make use of the Import Audio fromMovie or Export Audio to Movi

• Control-click (or right-click) the global Video track area, and choose Export Audio toMovie from the shortcut menu.2 Choose format options for the b

Logic Express can be synchronized with external hardware and software via a number ofdifferent synchronization protocols. In this chapter, you’ll take

Tip: Logic Express also supports manual or “human” sync, when slaved. This is not asynchronization protocol per se, but enables Logic Express to follo

Using the Sync ButtonYou can use the Sync button to turn external synchronization on or off at any time, withoutchanging the selected synchronization

You can, however, manually set the format in the File > Project Settings > Synchronization> General > Frame Rate pop-up menu.Note: MIDI Ti

Note: When using Pickup Clock with audio regions, it is the region’s anchor (not theregion start point) that is moved to the playhead position.Fixing

To avoid having to do this by trial and error1 Open the Tempo List (see Using the Tempo List).2 Create a tempo event at the desired bar position.3 Set

Each arrange track can act as a tape (control) track, by selecting an instrument with thetape deck icon (#305).You only need to create one instrument

Setting the Playhead with the Position DisplayThe Transport bar’s Position display shows the current playhead position in two formats:• SMPTE Time: Th

• Following an MMC-controlled recording, Logic Express automatically creates an emptyMIDI region on the tape track. This is to let you know that a rec

If MIDI and Audio Are Not SynchronizedOpen the File > Project Settings > Synchronization > Audio tab and select the MTCContinuous or MTC Trig

Audio processed through plug-ins is subject to small timing delays, known as latency.Fortunately, Logic Express provides a number of advanced features

The audio interface input and output latency is handled by the settings in the Logic Express> Preferences > Audio > Devices pane (see Configu

2 Set the Limit slider to the desired value.Working with Plug-in Latency CompensationThe Compensation pop-up menu in the Logic Express > Preference

As an example: Imagine a simple song with a few bass, guitar, vocal, and drum tracks.The bass track is routed through an audio channel that contains

There are, however, some limitations if you use plug-in latency compensation with livetracks. Shifting prerecorded instrument and audio tracks forward

The last thing to do is to get around the latency introduced by plug-ins on aux and outputchannels.3 Bypass any latency-inducing plug-ins on auxes and

You can store multi-channel audio as interleaved or split channel audio files.An interleaved audio file contains all channel information, stored in an

When typing in a full position using the Bar display, for example, you should type in thefollowing manner:• 3 Space 3 Space 2 Space 2, Return key to e

Working with Split Stereo FilesLogic Express treats audio files with a name that ends in .L or .R as stereo files. This appliesto all file management

Converting Split Stereo Files to Interleaved StereoYou can convert two (split stereo) audio files into an interleaved stereo file in the SDII,AIFF, or

The Project Settings window allows you to define many of the basic operating parametersof Logic Express. This chapter explains each of these options.N

The Project Settings window features a number of icons and tabbed panes. These behavemuch like menus and submenus. To adjust a given setting, select t

Saving Project SettingsProject settings are saved with each project, which means that different projects can havedifferent project settings. You can s

To open the Synchronization project settingsDo one of the following:µChoose File > Project Settings > Synchronization (or use the Open Synchroni

• MTC: MIDI Time Code mode. Logic Express runs as a slave. MIDI time code can eitherarrive at a MIDI In port, or be generated by a MIDI interface that

Logic Express automatically interprets frame rates of “approximately 30 fps” as either29.97 (drop frame) or 30 fps (non drop), depending on whether or

Audio Synchronization SettingsUse the parameters in the Audio pane of the Synchronization project settings to keepyour audio and MIDI tracks synchroni

• Click the Preferences button in the Arrange toolbar, then choose Display from themenu.2 Click the General tab, and select the Wide Playhead checkbox

• Deviation slider: This display shows the current phase deviation of the Word Clock fromthe time code master—in other words, the deviation between au

MIDI Synchronization SettingsThe MIDI pane configures Logic Express to send time code via MIDI, when it is in playbackor record mode. This pane lets y

• Transmit MIDI Clock: Destination 1 pop-up menu: Allows you to determine the firstdiscrete MIDI output port for the MIDI Clock signal.• Transmit MID

Logic Express ignores these messages when incoming external MTC (MIDI time code)commands are detected.Logic Express also obeys Full Frame Messages, an

General Settings• SMPTE Mode buttons: You can instruct the Unitor8 to read or write SMPTE data.• Read: Select to read SMPTE data.• Generate: Select to

• Visible Timecode Display: Style pop-up menu: Allows you to set the style of the timecode counter window, which is burned into the video picture.• H

µClick the Settings button in the Arrange toolbar, then choose Metronome from the pop-upmenu.µControl-click the Metronome button in the Transport bar,

• “Click while playing” checkbox: The metronome click is automatically turned on forplayback. This is the same as activating the Metronome button in t

General Recording Settings• When Beginning buttons: Allow you to choose between a count-in or pre-roll periodwhen starting to record.• Count-in: If th

• “Auto demix by channel if multitrack recording” checkbox: This setting switches betweenthe Layer Recording and Multi-Player Recording modes. See Rec

• Play from Left Window Edge: Plays from the leftmost point of the visible display area inthe active window.• Play from Left Locator: Moves the playhe

Tuning SettingsLogic Express includes a real-time tuning system, for use with the included softwareinstruments. You can configure the tuning system in

• Fixed: Activates a number of fixed tuning scales and keys. Fixed Tuning mode tunesmusical keys (to different degrees) for scaled tuning systems, and

• Pop/Jazz (3/5/7-all): 5ths, 3rds, and 7ths are changed in this mode. It is great for Popand Jazz styles, especially when using sustained chords. It

For the rest of the scale: Tune the next fifth up: 150 x 3 = 450. Divide this by 2 to get 225(which is more than an octave above the starting pitch,

Other historical temperaments that have been devised emphasize different aspects ofharmonic quality. Each compromises in some way or another. Some max

The positions of individual notes in each chord are analyzed, and the sum of each note’sdistance to the tempered tuning scale is zeroed. In critical c

Audio SettingsThe Audio project settings determine audio-specific project parameters.To open the Audio project settingsDo one of the following:µChoose

• Playback Pre-Roll checkbox: When this option is selected, all start commands forceLogic Express to start playback a little earlier (shifted to the l

MIDI SettingsThe MIDI project settings determine the behavior of the MIDI inputs and outputs. TheMIDI project settings comprise the General, Input Fil

General MIDI SettingsThe following parameters are available in the General pane.Miscellaneous Settings• Send After Loading Project: “Used instrument

Tip: The Space bar can be used to start or stop playback of audio files or regions in theSample Editor, Audio Bin, and Loop Browser, when these window

• Instrument Without MIDI Thru Function pop-up menu: The instrument selected here willnot pass events through the computer when the instrument is assi

Chase SettingsIf you start playback in the middle of a project, some events might not be heard (such asnotes, sustain pedal events, and pitch bend eve

• Control Changes, 0-15, 64-71, and All Other checkboxes: Select to search for continuouscontrollers 0 to 15, continuous switch controllers 64 to 71,

Global Score SettingsThe Global Score project settings define global formatting options such as page margins,spacing between notes, bars per line, and

The following describes the global Score settings in detail.• Top, Bottom, Left, and Right Margin fields: These values show the margin distances tothe

If you only use Proportional Spacing (and set Constant to 0), every bar receives (moreor less) the same amount of (horizontal) space. A whole note use

• Hide Muted Regions checkbox: Excludes muted regions from the score display. If theoption is not selected, muted regions are displayed in the score,

Note: For each of these options, you can set the font, size, and face by clicking the Choosebutton.Page Numbers Settings• Page Numbers checkbox: Selec

• Page Offset field: This value is added to each actual page number, for display purposes.This can be useful when writing a piece consisting of severa

• Hide Bar Numbers in Linear View checkbox: Linear view refers to non-Page view.• Follow Staff Size checkbox: Displays bar numbers according to staff

Snapping Automation to Grid Positions810Offsetting Automation810Editing Track Automation Data in the Event List812Writing Track Automation with Extern

• Jump Between Cycle- and Project Start if stopped: Toggles the playhead between thecycle area start position and the project start position, when Log

Logic Express automatically converts notes into tablature, if a staff style containing a Clefparameter set to one of these tuning sets, is used. The e

Note: Up to eight strings are shown directly within the pane. If more than eight areselected, you can move the visible section by clicking the arrows,

PitchLogic Express assigns each note to the string on which it is playable, at the lowest possibleposition. In order to influence the string assignmen

A further point to note is that notes can generally only be assigned to strings on whichthey are actually playable (F2 can only be played on the lowes

Chords & Grids SettingsThese are general display options for chords and chord grids.Chords Settings• Root Font field: Defines the font for the cho

• Alignment pop-up menu: Determines the general horizontal alignment of chordsymbols—with an Align parameter set to def (default)—in relation to their

Clefs & Signatures SettingsThese are general display options for clefs, key signatures, and time signatures.Clefs Settings• Clefs pop-up menu: All

Key and Time Signatures Settings• Key Signatures pop-up menu: Allows you to choose between the following key signaturedisplay parameters: Every Staff

Note: Only automatically displayed bar lines are hidden, so it’s still possible to insertbar lines from the Part box, including the regular bar line,

Layout SettingsThe Layout pane is where you can define a number of display settings for the wholeproject, such as staff line thickness, stem length, d

A long click offers the following functions:Fast ForwardStopFast RewindNote: The Apple Remote is compatible with Apple products that have a built-in I

Note: If you have a high-resolution printer, try to use smaller line thickness settings (2,or maybe even 1). Smaller staff lines, in particular, look

MIDI Meaning SettingsThe settings in the MIDI Meaning pane determine if, and to what extent, the insertion ofthe listed symbols affect the MIDI playba

This makes playback sound much more realistic and alive.The default settings in the MIDI Meaning pane (in new projects) are 0 for velocity, and100% (n

Color SettingsThe Colors pane determines the color palette for the currently active project.The color palettes are used by different color modes. (See

• Chromatic: Allows you to use twelve different colors.• Pitch Color buttons: Click any color to open the standard Colors window and changethat partic

Video Project SettingsIn the Video project settings, you can define the video output, determine the video soundoutput, and offset the video from the p

• Digital Cinema Desktop: Choose this option to preview your video on any availabledisplay unit that is connected to an AGP graphics card. (Displays c

Assets Project SettingsThe project assets refer to all audio files, EXS instruments, and other data associated withthe project. Ideally, you should sa

Preferences allow you to define many of the basic operating parameters of Logic Express.This chapter explains each of these preferences.Note: Unless o

The cycle area is defined by the position of the left and right locators. When Cycle modeis disabled, the left and right locators disappear and the cy

These and several other access methods are outlined throughout the chapter.The Preferences window features a number of icons and tabbed panes. These b

A separate preference file, also stored in the same location, is made for control surfaces.It is named com.apple.logic.express.cs.Note: You can’t open

To open General preferencesDo one of the following:µChoose Logic Express > Preferences > General (or use the Open General Preferences keycommand

• Create New Project using Default Template: Opens the default template and the SaveAs dialog, allowing you to name and save your project.• Ask: Opens

General Editing PreferencesThe Editing pane contains the following preferences:• Right Mouse Button pop-up menu: Determines the right mouse button beh

• Pointer Tool in Arrange Provides: Marquee Tool Click Zones checkbox: When this checkboxis selected, placing the mouse pointer over the lower half o

• “Select Regions on Track selection” checkbox: When this checkbox is selected, selectinga track automatically selects all regions on the track lane (

• Smooth Cycle Algorithm checkbox: This option improves the timing of cycle jumps,making it easier to set the length of sample loops while in Cycle mo

General Caps Lock Keys PreferencesThe Caps Lock Keys pane contains the following preferences:• Enable Caps Lock Keys checkbox: Allows you to completel

Audio Preferences in Logic ExpressAudio preferences consist of the following tabs: Devices, General, I/O Assignments, SampleEditor, MP3, and Reset.To

To resize a cycleµGrab the handles (triangles) at either end of the cycle to move the start or end points(you can even do this while Logic Express is

Core Audio Device PreferencesLogic Express automatically recognizes any installed Core Audio hardware, and uses thedefault settings as defined in the

Note: When setting an output device which also provides inputs, the Input Devicesetting changes accordingly. If choosing a different input device, you

Note: Turning on this parameter only makes sense if you are using a 20- or 24-bitinterface.• Software Monitoring checkbox: This option allows you to t

Audio General PreferencesThe General pane contains the following preferences:• “Display audio engine overload message” checkbox: If unselected, playba

• Sample Accurate Automation pop-up menu: As the name implies, sample-accurateautomation is the most precise type of automation. It places higher over

• Low Latency Mode checkbox and Limit slider: You need to select the Low Latency Modecheckbox in order to activate Low Latency mode and use the Limit

Output PaneThe Output pane consists of the following preferences:• Stereo Output pop-up menu: Allows you to choose the physical output pair on whichth

Bounce Extensions PaneThe Bounce Extensions pane consists of the following preferences:• Stereo Left and Right fields: Allow you to set the bounce ext

Audio Sample Editor PreferencesThe Sample Editor pane contains the following preferences:• “Warning before processing function by key command” checkbo

• “Store undo files in project folder” checkbox: Activate this preference if you want theedited audio files to be stored in a sub-folder of the curren

This has no impact on the Bar ruler display mode.µClick the small down arrow icon to the right of the Bar ruler, and choose either Bar modeor Time mod

Audio MP3 PreferencesThe MP3 pane contains the following preferences:• Bit Rate (Mono/Stereo) pop-up menus: You can choose bit rates between 32 kbps a

• Quality pop-up menu: Keep this set to Highest whenever possible. Reducing the qualityaccelerates the conversion process, but at the expense of audio

MIDI Preferences in Logic ExpressMIDI preferences consist of the following tabs: Reset Messages, General, and Sync.To open MIDI preferencesDo one of

All selected checkboxes will send a reset message, for the selected controller type, to allMIDI outputs. This reset message is sent on cycle jumps and

MIDI General PreferencesThe General (MIDI) pane contains the following preferences:• “External stop message ends recording” checkbox: If you are using

MIDI Sync PreferencesThe Sync pane contains the following preferences:• All MIDI Output: Delay field: Delays or advances the MIDI output for all ports

• MTC Pickup Delay field: This parameter should generally be set to zero, to ensure thequickest possible pickup time while Logic Express is in MTC (MI

Display Preferences in Logic ExpressDisplay preferences consist of the following tabs: General, Arrange, Mixer, and Piano Roll.To open Display prefer

General Display PreferencesThis pane allows you to alter the appearance of several onscreen components that areused throughout the program.• “Large lo

• Display SMPTE, Display Tempo As, and Clock Format pop-up menus: You can use thesepop-up menus to customize the Bar, SMPTE, and Tempo display in the

Using the Transport Bar Mode Buttons to Define LocatorsYou can use the following commands, available as Transport bar buttons, to define thelocator po

Mixer Display PreferencesThese preferences specifically affect the appearance of the Mixer area.• “Open plug-in window on insertion” checkbox: With th

Piano Roll Display PreferencesThese preferences specifically affect the appearance of the Piano Roll area.• Background Type buttons: These buttons all

Score Preferences in Logic ExpressScore preferences consist of the following parameters:To open Score preferencesDo one of the following:µChoose Logic

• Floating Palette View pop-up menu: Defines the default shape of the Part Box Elementsdisplay when opened as a floating window (see Selecting Part Bo

Video Preferences in Logic ExpressVideo preferences (such as how Logic Express handles video memory, video hardwaresettings, and timing adjustments) c

Automation Preferences in Logic ExpressAutomation preferences consist of the following parameters:To open Automation preferencesDo one of the followin

• Ramp Time field: Determines the time required by a parameter to return to its previouslyrecorded setting.• ‘Write’ Mode Changes To pop-up menu: Dete

Control Surface Preferences in Logic ExpressControl Surfaces preferences consist of the following tabs: General and Help Tags.1257Chapter 43 Preferen

To open Control Surfaces preferencesDo one of the following:µChoose Logic Express > Preferences > Control Surfaces (or use the Open Control Surf

Sharing Preferences in Logic ExpressSharing preferences consist of the following parameters:To open Sharing preferencesDo one of the following:µChoose

Defining a Cycle with MarkersDragging a marker into the top part of the Bar ruler creates a cycle with the marker’slength. Details on creating and usi

AAC Abbreviation for Advanced Audio Codec. A compression and decompression algorithmand file format for audio data.AAF Abbreviation for Advanced Autho

ALAC Abbreviation for Apple Lossless Audio Codec, an encoding/decoding algorithm thatdelivers lossless audio compression.alias A pointer to a MIDI reg

ASCII Acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Standard computercharacter set, allowing computers to deal with text characters.

Auto Track Zoom Function in the View menu that automatically enlarges the currentlyselected track.automation Automation is the ability to record, edit

Beat Mapping track Global track used to analyze audio or MIDI regions, and create tempoevents based on note or transient events in these regions. This

bus channel strip The bus channel type is primarily included for backward compatibilitywith older Logic Express versions. The bus channel strip functi

checkbox A small box. You click a checkbox to select or deselect (or turn on/off ) anoption.Chord track One of the global tracks. Contains chord symbo

Content Link mode The chain link button found at the top-left corner of mostLogic Express windows features three modes. Content Link mode is useful fo

Cycle function A function in Logic Express that constantly repeats the area between thelocator positions. To turn on Cycle mode, click the Cycle butto

The skip cycle area is shown as a green candy-striped area in the Bar ruler.When the playhead reaches the right locator position, it skips to the left

digital A description of data that is stored or transmitted as a sequence of ones and zeros.Most commonly, refers to binary data represented by electr

Editor view Almost all Logic Express plug-ins (and Audio Units) offer a graphical view ofeffect and instrument parameters. The Editor view is the defa

export To create a version of a file, such as a Logic Express project, in a different formatthat can be distributed and used by other applications.Fad

float window See window type.folder A folder is a container for regions in the Arrange area. It can contain other foldersor regions, much like a folde

headroom A specified range (safety margin, measured in decibels) between the actualaudio level and the maximum permitted level (0dBfs) that allows for

input channel strip Channel strip type in the Environment Mixer layer that is includedfor backward compatibility with projects created in older Logic

Key Commands window The Key Commands window is used for the assignment of keycommands to computer keys or to MIDI messages.key focus The selected, act

Loop Browser A tab in the Media area of the Arrange window used to access and manageApple Loops and ReCycle files.Loop function The Loop region parame

merge Mix, or combine, two or more MIDI events or regions into a single event or region.metadata Metadata is additional descriptive information that i

mixdown A term commonly used to describe either bouncing (see bounce) or mergingof tracks (see merge).Mixer The Mixer window displays all (or the desi

2 Click the Chase tab, then select the checkboxes of all events that the Chase Events functionshould look for before the playback start point.See Chas

multi-instrument object An object in the Logic Express Environment that represents amulti-timbral hardware or software device that reacts to MIDI. The

object The term is used to refer to the graphical representation of elements in theLogic Express Environment. These elements can be used to create and

peak 1) The highest level in an audio signal. 2) Portions of a digital audio signal thatexceed 0 dB, resulting in clipping. You can use the Logic Expr

pre fader Sends in analog mixers are positioned either before (pre) or after (post) thefader. Pre fader means positioned before the Volume fader in th

Quantization menu Menu found throughout Logic Express that determines the currentquantization grid. See entries below.Quantize button Button labeled w

Replace mode A type of overwrite recording mode where the currently specified audioregion in the Arrange area is replaced with the incoming signal. To

saturation A term most commonly associated with a slight tape distortion or thecharacteristics of tube amplifiers. It basically describes a very high

send Abbreviation for auxiliary sends. An output on an audio device used for routing acontrolled amount of the signal to another device. Sends are oft

SMPTE ruler In addition to the standard bar/beat display, the Logic Express Bar ruler candisplay time units in SMPTE format: hours, minutes, seconds,

Standard MIDI file (SMF) Standard file format for exchanging songs between differentsequencers or MIDI file players. Standard MIDI files are not speci

The No Transpose parameter actually prevents transposition by the region playbackparameters, which is also not desirable for drum sounds or loops.Cust

synthesizer A device (hardware or software) that is used to generate sounds. The wordis derived from early attempts with mechanical and electronic mac

Tool menu Available in the local menu bar of a window, containing tools for editing,zooming, cropping, and otherwise manipulating items in the window.

treble Refers to high-frequency sounds or components within a sound. See frequency.Undo function Function that reverses the previous editing operation

white noise Noise type that consists of all frequencies (an infinite number) soundingsimultaneously, at the same intensity, in a given frequency band.

Working with Tablature Markings929Working with Time and Key Signatures930Transcribing MIDI Recordings937Default Settings for New MIDI Regions937Select

2 Turn on or turn off individual functions by selecting the checkboxes in the Customizedialog.3 Choose the appropriate option, as follows:• Click the

Transport ButtonsThis area of the Transport bar contains buttons that literally transport the playheadthrough the project.For an explanation of the in

• Signature/Division: The (Time) Signature display indicates the current playback orrecording time signature in a standard musical format; 4/4, 5/4, a

• Move Locators Backwards by Cycle Length and Move Locators Forward by CycleLength: Retains the existing cycle, but moves it to the left or to the rig

To open a new SMPTE or Bar Display windowµControl-click (or right-click) the Transport bar display area, and choose Open Giant BarDisplay or Open Gian

To access the Use SMPTE View Offset setting on an individual basisDo one of the following:µControl-click (or right-click) any open Transport bar displ

2 Choose one of the following settings in the Clock Format menu:• Clock Format: 1 1 1 1• Clock Format: 1. 1. 1. 1• Clock Format: 1 1 1 0• Clock For

The main purpose of markers is to tag different parts of a project, and to enable the quickselection of these parts for playback, editing, and arrangi

Opening Marker Areas and WindowsThere are many ways to interact with, create, and delete markers in Logic Express. Youcan see and edit markers in the

To open the Marker List as a tab in the Arrange windowµClick the Lists button at the top-right corner of the Arrange toolbar, then click the Markertab

Beat Mapping to Scene Markers1033Beat Mapping to Markers1033Editing Transposition with the Chord and Transposition Tracks1035Chapter 35Opening the Cho

Creating MarkersYou can create markers at any project position. This section describes all marker creationoptions.Tip: You can use the Create Marker k

µIn any window: Choose Options > Marker > Create from the main menu bar (or use theCreate Marker key command, default assignment: Shift-Comman

Markers created in these ways are automatically assigned the names, bar position, lengthand color of the regions they are derived from.To create a mar

• When you hold Shift, after click-holding the cycle, the cycle can be moved horizontally,and then dragged to the marker area in one go.Note: When you

• Select the markers, then choose Edit > Delete (or use the corresponding key command,default assignment: Delete).µIn the Bar ruler: Hold down Co

2 Type the marker name in the text field.To edit a marker name in the Marker track1 Do one of the following:• Choose Options > Marker > Rename M

2 Type the new marker name in the Marker Text area.To edit a marker name in the Marker Text window1 Open the marker in the Marker Text window.2 Do one

Note: If you use Return to create paragraphs in the Marker Text window or area, the firstparagraph of the text is displayed in a separate title line (

3 Choose settings in the Font window.Editing MarkersMarkers can be edited in various ways. Common tasks include changing marker positions,coloring mar

This locks (fixes) the SMPTE position of markers. To indicate this status, a lock symbol isdisplayed at the beginning of the marker name.These markers

Channel Strip Objects1130Working with Video1135Chapter 38Opening a Movie1135Using the Movie Window1137Using the Video Track1138Working with Movie Scen

To adjust a marker to fit a cycleµDrag a cycle onto an existing marker (with a right or left border—or both—that fallsinside the cycle boundaries).Dra

µUse the Go to Marker Number 1 to 20 key commands (20 different commands).The marker numbers in these commands refer to the (serial) order of all mark

• Set Locators by Next Marker and Enable CycleSwitching Between Marker AlternativesYou can use up to nine different marker variations per project.To s

Logic Express projects provide flexible options for storing and retrieving your musicproductions. This chapter will provide you with information on al

When you create a new project (or use the Save function, in general), you can choose toalso save all associated files (assets).Logic Express creates a

2 Choose a template in the Templates dialog.The Templates dialog is broken down into two areas: Collection and Template.• Click a collection folder t

3 Browse to the location where you want to store the project, then type a name for theproject in the name field.4 Select the Include Assets checkbox i

5 Click the Advanced Options disclosure triangle to view and choose the file types youwant to save in the project folder.You can change these settings

If a project is already loaded, you are asked if the currently loaded project should beclosed or not. You can disable this prompt by deselecting the L

3 Browse to and select the file, then click Open.To open a recent projectµChoose the project name directly from the File > Open Recent menu.This by

Audio Preferences in Logic Express1229MIDI Preferences in Logic Express1242Display Preferences in Logic Express1247Score Preferences in Logic Express1

Opening and Creating Projects AutomaticallyYou can configure Logic Express to open or create projects automatically on startup bychoosing a startup ac

To preview a project with Quick LookDo one of the following:µBrowse to a project file in the Finder, then click the Quick Look button.µBrowse to a pro

You can also import the following settings from another project:• Screensets• Transform sets• Hyper sets• Score sets• Score staff styles• Score text s

You choose the data to be imported from the source project using the following TrackImport view, which is displayed in the Media Browser tab.163Chapte

Tip: You can customize the column view by Control-clicking (or right-clicking) the tableheader, then disabling or enabling the columns. You can also c

2 Navigate to, and select, the required project file.• If using the Browser tab, an Import button appears at the bottom-right corner of thetab.Note: Y

The Browser tab updates to show a track import view.4 Select the data that you want to import by selecting the relevant checkboxes.Tip: Press the Righ

5 Do one of the following:• Click the Add button to add the selected data to the current project (or hold down theCommand key while pressing the Down

• Click the Settings button in the Arrange toolbar, then choose Import Project Settings.• Click the Browser tab in the Media area.2 Navigate to, and s

To reconfigure the memoryµClick the Reorganize Memory button in the Project Information window.At the same time, the current project is checked for an

Logic Express is a sophisticated, fully featured audio and MIDI application that providesall the tools you need to create professional-quality music p

µClick the Sample Rate display in the Transport bar, then choose a sample rate from thepop-up menu.Note: If your Transport bar does not include the Sa

Setting the Project TempoYou can set the basic project tempo in the Transport bar, the Tempo track, or the TempoList. Logic Express displays tempo as

Setting the Project Time SignatureThe time signature defines how many beats a bar contains in the Bar ruler and what notevalue constitutes one beat.Ti

You can set the time signature of the project in the Transport bar, the Signature List, orthe Signature track. The Transport bar displays the time sig

µOpen the Signature track, and double-click the value shown. Set the Numerator andDenominator values (and other settings, if desired).For more informa

µSet the value in the Transport bar’s numerical Project End display (by click-dragging ordouble-clicking the value).Project End displayNote: If your T

Click the Dim Master Volume button to the left of the Master Volume slider, or the Dimbutton in the Master channel strip, to turn on Dim Volume mode.

µClick the Settings button in the Arrange toolbar, then choose Assets from the pop-upmenu.• Select any of the copy checkboxes to copy the respective f

• When manually setting a recording path (File > Project Settings > Recording >Core Audio Recording Folder) outside the current project folde

To consolidate your project1 Choose File > Project > Consolidate (or use the Consolidate Project key command).2 Choose a menu option for the dif

• Mix your MIDI and audio tracks, including effects and software instrument settings, viaa sophisticated total recall mix automation system. Logic Exp

Saving ProjectsWhen you choose File > Save (or use the corresponding key command, defaultassignment: Command-S), the current project is saved with

You can define the number of project backups you want to keep by changing the AutoBackup setting in the Logic Express > Preferences > General &g

Saving a Project as a TemplateYou can save a project as a template, creating starting points for new projects. Not allprojects have the same needs, so

Closing and QuittingThe following tasks describe how to close an open window, an active project, or the entireLogic Express application.To close an op

There are a number of techniques to choose from when making selections and editingitems in Logic Express. In this chapter, you’ll learn about basic op

Grabbing or Clicking and HoldingThe same as clicking an element, but you keep the mouse button held down.Moving or DraggingGrab the element and move t

2 Type in 45, followed by the Return key.The playhead moves to the beginning of bar 45.You can also use the mouse to make a partial selection in an in

Any number of selected objects (such as regions) can be assigned the same name. If thename ends with a number, this number is automatically incremente

µClick the Preferences button in the Arrange toolbar, then choose Key Commands fromthe shortcut menu.Tip: Holding down Control while choosing a comman

Additional ResourcesAlong with the documentation that comes with Logic Express, there are a variety of otherresources you can use to find out more.Rel

Understanding Key Command Groups and HierarchiesThe global key commands are always functional, regardless of the currently active window.Non-global co

• Save a new key command set: Enter a new filename in the Save As field, then click theSave button.Note: All key command sets are available from the O

Finding Key CommandsYou can use the Key Command window’s search field to find key commands by name orpartial name:• The search is performed as you ent

Assigning Key Commands to Computer KeysThis section shows you how you assign particular computer keyboard keys to Logic Expressfunctions.To assign a f

• If you use the Learn by Key Position function, and define two key commands (one forthe alphanumeric keyboard, one for the numeric keypad), then the

The Assignments field displays the learned assignment. This may show one or all of thefollowing:• The name of the control surface—or the MIDI string,

Printing a Key Command ListYou can use the Options > Copy Key Commands to Clipboard function to copy your keycommand assignments into the Clipboard

Tools are accessed in the Tool menus, found in the upper-right corner of all windows thatallow direct region, event, or file editing and handling oper

The Command-click tool is available when the Command key is pressed while editing.Release the Command key to revert to the Left-click tool.Assigning t

• Opens Tool Menu: Right-clicking in the working area of the active window opens theTool menu with the Pointer tool (and not the currently selected to

Copyright © 2009 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.Your rights to the software are governed by theaccompanying software license agreement. The owner orau

• Opens Shortcut Menu: Right-clicking in the working area of the active window displaysa menu that offers a number of area-specific selection and edit

• Marquee Tool Click Zones: When this checkbox is selected, placing the mouse pointerover the lower half of a region (with the exception of the lower-

Within the working area, you can use the Pointer tool for:• Selecting individual or multiple events, regions, or other elements by clicking them.See U

Flex ToolThe Flex tool provides you with quick access to fundamental flex editing functionality,without having to turn on Flex view in the Arrange win

From left to right, the values indicate:• Name of the operation• Mouse (or event) position• Event type• Event MIDI channel• First data byte (note pitc

Using Selection TechniquesWhenever you want to perform an operation on one or more regions or events (or otherelements, such as Mixer channel strips),

Selecting Multiple ElementsYou will often need to select multiple regions, events, or other elements, in order to move,process, or copy them, for exam

To select all events (of a specified event definition) in the Hyper EditorDo one of the following:µClick the event definition name.µChoose Edit > S

Selecting Following Regions or EventsTo select all regions or events that follow the currently selected region or event (or, ifnone are currently sele

• Edit > Select Equal Colored Regions: If you have selected a region or event of a certaincolor, you can use this command to select all regions or

This chapter gives you a conceptual overview of Logic Express and provides an exampleof a common workflow when creating music in the application.This

All other events on these two channels are selected.Selecting Regions or Events with an Equal SubpositionYou can select all regions and events with a

Paste at Original PositionThis command works in a similar way to Paste, but the regions or events in the Clipboardare always pasted to the position th

To open the Undo History windowµChoose Edit > Undo History (or use the corresponding key command, defaultassignment: Option-Z).The Undo History wi

To erase the Undo HistoryµChoose Edit > Delete Undo History.Warning: Take care with this command. No undos or redos are possible for the deletedste

Tracks contain the audio regions and MIDI regions of a project. This chapter providesinformation on all aspects of creating and handling tracks in Log

Understanding Tracks and Channel StripsTracks are listed from top to bottom in the Arrange track list and extend horizontallyacross the Arrange area i

Track used forAssigned to MixerTrack typeUsed as lanes for folder regions. Folder regionsare simply containers for other regions and arenot assigned t

Configuring the Track HeaderThe track header of each track (shown in the Arrange area’s track list) displays a numberof buttons beside the track name

The Track Header Configuration dialog offers the following elements:• Control Surface Bars checkbox: Select this checkbox to view the control surface

Recordings are made through suitable MIDI or audio hardware that is connected to, orinstalled in, your Mac.MIDI recordings are used to trigger (play b

• Buttons section: Select the checkboxes of the buttons you want to display in the trackheader.• Track Color Bars checkbox: Select this checkbox to sh

To hide or show the Inspector in the Arrange windowDo one of the following:µChoose View > Inspector (or use the Hide/Show Inspector key command, de

To create one or more new tracks (and channel strips)1 Do one of the following:• Choose Track > New in the Arrange area’s local menu bar (or use th

Using the New Tracks DialogThe options in the New Tracks dialog vary, depending on the type of track that is beinggenerated.Audio TracksYou can modify

Software Instrument TracksYou can modify the following parameters in the New Tracks dialog when creating newsoftware instrument tracks:• Multi-timbral

• A channel strip is automatically generated in the Mixer for each sub-channel of eachMIDI multi-instrument object.Tip: Once tracks are created, you c

Creating Tracks by Adding Audio FilesYou can create tracks by dragging audio files from the Media Browser directly into theblank Arrange area. A track

Creating a Track with the Next Channel AssignmentThe Track > New with Next MIDI Channel command (which has a corresponding keycommand) creates a ne

Creating Tracks for Overlapping RegionsThe Track > New for Overlapped Regions function creates new tracks for wholly or partlyoverlapped regions. T

µGrab the track, and remove it from the track list by dragging it to the left.To delete all tracks that do not contain regionsµChoose Track > Delet

Mixing also entails the use of audio effects, which change, enhance, or suppress particularsong components, adding up to a unified and polished final

To move a track in the track listµMove the pointer over the track number. When the pointer changes to a hand, click thetrack number, and drag it up or

2 Choose the track name option you want in the first pop-up menu.• Auto Name: This option (the default) intelligently names the track, based on thefo

The option chosen in the first pop-up menu is always shown to the left if both namesare shown, divided by a line.You can move this dividing line by dr

The new track name is displayed in place of the channel strip name, and is used as thedefault name for newly recorded regions.To delete a track nameDo

• If you want to use a track for MIDI region recording or playback (via a softwareinstrument), choose a Mixer > Software Instrument channel strip a

• Folder: This setting is used when you want the track to play a folder region. (See Workingwith Folders.) Normal regions will not play on a track set

• Toggle Individual Track Zoom: Switches the selected track between its individual zoomlevel and the window zoom level. This option is useful for zoom

These icons must have the following attributes:• 128 x 128 pixels in size• An alpha channel for transparency• Must be saved in the portable network gr

To mute a track when the Mute buttons are hiddenµPlace the pointer over the left edge of the track list by the track number, then click whenthe pointe

Identifying Muted and Unmuted Regions on Muted TracksThe following will help you to distinguish between muted and unmuted regions on mutedtracks:• Mut

A Logic Express project file contains all MIDI events and parameter settings, informationabout the audio and video files to be played, and all edits t

Deactivating a Track Solo button removes all regions on the track from the Solo Lockgroup and—in cases where no other track’s Solo button is active—di

As long as a track is frozen—following the freeze process—the freeze file will play backin place of the original track (and its CPU-hungry plug-ins).

Freezing a TrackIt’s easy to freeze a track, using the Freeze button in the track header and the Freezemode parameter in the Inspector’s Track Paramet

To change the freeze state of multiple tracksDo one of the following:µClick and hold the Freeze button of one track, then drag the pointer up or down.

To unfreeze and edit a trackµClick Unfreeze to deactivate the Freeze button of the track.The freeze file is deleted.Note: The track now uses the amoun

Small Hide (H) buttons appear on each track.2 Click the Hide buttons on the tracks you want to hide.3 Click the global Hide View button, and all track

• No recording is possible.• New regions cannot be created.If the Track Protect button is not visible in the track list, you can display it using the

To replace or double a recorded drum signal1 Select the track that you want to modify.2 Choose Tracks > Drum Replacement/Doubling (or use the corre

• A dialog containing parameters opens.3 Set the following parameters, as required:• Instrument pop-up menu: Choose the instrument that you want to pr

• Prelisten button: Click this button to start soloed playback of both tracks from the currentplayhead position. You may want to set the playhead or a

Audio Regions and Audio FilesAudio regions refer to (point to) an underlying audio file. Audio regions are used asplayback markers (start and end poin

When bouncing in place, the audio file format of the bounce (sample rate and resolution)is determined by your audio recording settings, and the bounce

The Bounce Regions in Place dialog appears.3 Define the following parameters, as required.• Name field: Define a name for the bounce file in the text

• Bypass Effect Plug-ins checkbox: Select this checkbox to disable all plug-ins on the sourcetrack during the bounce process.• Add Effects Tail to Fil

The Bounce Track in Place dialog appears.3 Define the following parameters, as required.• Name field: Define a name for the bounce file in the text fi

• Overload Protection Only: Allows downward normalization in case of overloads—levelsabove 0 dB, which would lead to clipping—but no normalization in

• Include Volume/Pan Automation checkbox: Select this checkbox to have volume andpan automation performed during the bounce process, with their result

Logic Express offers an extensive range of software instrument and effect processingplug-ins that are inserted into channel strips. You can also make

The Arrange (and Mixer) channel strips deal with audio and instrument (software or MIDI)tracks shown in the Arrange area, plus auxiliary (aux) and out

• An aux channel strip, which is used for a variety of signal routing purposesFor example, if Send slot 1 of the left channel strip is routed to Bus 4

MIDI Regions and EventsMIDI regions, by comparison, actually contain MIDI data events. They are not related toinformation stored in external files. MI

Setting Channel Strip Input FormatThe channel strip input format determines the mono or stereo status of the channel strip.Note that software instrume

To set the channel strip input format for the selected audio trackµClick-hold the button directly below the channel strip’s level meter, and choose th

To set the Pan or Balance positionµDrag the control up or down or left or right.Pan/Balance controlOption-click the Pan or Balance control to reset it

• MIDI-controlled effectsAs the name suggests, Generator Audio Units plug-ins generate audio signals. In contrastto software instruments, however, the

Logic Express effect plug-ins are displayed in various categories such as Delay and Reverb.Further submenus, such as Audio Units, are also available i

Moving Plug-insYou can use the Hand tool to move instruments and effects between channel strips.To use the Hand tool in the Arrange channel strips, ho

Note: If all 15 Insert slots are used, you cannot insert any more plug-ins into the channelstrip, unless you replace an existing plug-in.Knowing Where

µOn channel strips where Insert slot 1 is used: Option-double-click the EQ area to insertthe Channel EQ as the first plug-in, and move all existing p

Loading or Removing Entire Channel Strip ConfigurationsThe Library tab in the Media area allows you to load multiple plug-ins (inclusive of theirparam

The Library displays all channel strip settings available for the selected track or channelstrip, sorted into category menus.3 Browse through the cate

Logic Express automatically finds and configures supported audio and MIDI hardwarewhen first installed and opened. There are many circumstances in whi

• Next Channel Strip or Plug-in Setting or EXS Instrument• Previous Channel Strip or Plug-in Setting or EXS InstrumentThe previous or next channel str

You can remotely switch between channel strip settings by sending MIDI program changemessages. This allows you to select your favorite sounds (consist

All saved performance settings appear in the Performances folder of the Channel StripSettings menu.Opening, Closing, and Resizing Plug-in WindowsHands

The plug-in window opens automatically when you insert a plug-in. This behavior canbe overridden by deselecting the “Open plug-in window on insertion”

µSet the default size for plug-in windows in the Logic Express > Preferences > Display >Mixer pane. This scaling applies to all plug-ins.Adju

To adjust a parameter sliderDo one of the following:µDrag the slider vertically or horizontally.µCommand-click anywhere in the slider’s value range to

To reset any parameter to its default (or centered) valueµOption-click the parameter.To make finer parameter adjustmentsµHold down the Shift key befor

When the Link Button Is Switched OffYou can open several plug-in windows simultaneously, and these do not update to reflectany track or plug-in choice

The Settings area appears to the right of the Bypass button.• Next and Previous Setting buttons: Click to load the previous or next plug-in setting.•

2 Do one of the following:• Browse to, and choose the setting you want to use from the menu or categorysubmenus.• Choose the Load Setting command. A d

• Additional software that runs alongside, and integrates with, Logic Express. This includesa range of ReWire applications and audio or MIDI software.

This feature allows you to audition your audio or instrument track playback through twovariations of a plug-in. The tweaked version can be saved as a

It will always be loaded when that plug-in type is opened. The #default setting is alsouseful as a starting point when creating new plug-in settings,

The Controls view displays all plug-in functions as a set of horizontal sliders, with numericalfields to the left of each parameter. These fields are

The plug-in processes the audio of the aux channel strip selected in the Side Chain menu,and not the audio of the instrument channel strip that the pl

To hide or reveal the extended parametersµClick the disclosure triangle at the bottom of the plug-in window.Using the Library to Choose Plug-in Settin

5 Clicking further Insert or Instrument slots, if used, updates the Library tab to show allsettings for the chosen plug-in type.6 If you click an unus

Using Insert EffectsWhen a plug-in is inserted directly into a channel strip, it is termed an insert effect.All of the signal is processed, or, put an

Send effects are also called bus effects, bus send or bus returns, auxiliary send or auxiliaryreturns, or simply send or returns.In Logic Express, the

For computationally intensive effects such as reverb, it’s always advisable to insert theminto an aux channel strip. Chorus, Flanger, and delay effect

As you do so, the (send amount) value is shown on the Send slot.The send amount, when set to 100%, routes the entire signal from the audio or instrume

You should also look at a reliable, high-capacity backup system, and should automateyour backup routine, preferably as a daily occurrence.Audio and MI

A post fader signal level, routed to a send, changes along with Volume fader movements.If you are using the send to route a signal from the channel st

To activate or deactivate the Low Latency Safe function for a particular sendµClick-hold the appropriate Send slot, then choose Low Latency Safe from

Tip: Many of the setup and routing tasks described in this section can be done once, andsaved with a template. This means that all of these preliminar

Choose Window > Environment (or use the Open Environment key command, defaultassignment: Command-8) to look at this object.Another thing that happ

3 Click GM Device in the left column of the Library tab. Sixteen entries appear in the rightcolumn: 1 (Grand Piano), 2 (Polysynth), and so on.294 Cha

4 Click the disclosure triangle to the left of the GM Device 1 entry in the Inspector to openthe Track Parameter box, if not already open.There are tw

To reassign tracks to channels using the Library tab1 Click the New Tracks button (the plus sign above the track list) in the Arrange window.2 In the

Note: There are diagonal lines running through each of the 16 sub-channel boxes. ThePort and Channel parameters are shown to the left of the Environme

• If you use the Track Parameter box Transposition parameter, the entire EXS24 mkIIdrum kit (instrument channel strip 1) will be affected. This will r

• No Reset: Turn on the No Reset parameter to prevent reset messages from being sentto this channel strip. This can be useful if controllers are being

Welcome to Logic Express17PrefaceAbout Logic Express17About the Logic Express Documentation18Additional Resources19Introducing Logic Express21Chapter

Note: Many modern MIDI devices, particularly keyboards, include a USB or FireWireconnection port that enables MIDI (and audio, in some cases) communic

• Program, Volume, and Pan: Transmit program changes, volume controller (CC #7), andpan controller (CC #10) information. If the respective box is unse

Inserting Program Change, Volume, and Pan as MIDI EventsThe MIDI > Insert Instrument MIDI Settings as Events command allows you to insert theprogra

7 Insert the effects in the Insert slots of the channel strip.As the track is routed to an instrument channel strip (which is being used for an extern

The Record button of selected software instrument tracks gives visual feedback of thecurrent state of a software instrument:Selected instrument, not y

Tuning Software InstrumentsThe File > Project Settings > Tuning > Software Instrument Pitch parameter remotelycontrols the main tuning parame

2 Click the Hermode Tuning (HMT) button.A No HMT checkbox appears in the Track Parameter box of all instrument channel strips.3 Select this checkbox t

Important: Start Logic Express first, then start your ReWire application(s).When these applications are open alongside Logic Express, synchronized aud

2 Choose Options > Create New Auxiliary Channel Strips in the Mixer’s local menu bar.3 Create as many aux channel strips as required, with the appr

2 Connect the output (or output pair) of your effects unit with an input (pair) on your audiointerface.Note: These can be either analog or digital con

Important: Logic Express cannot act as a host for plug-ins in VST or RTAS format. Thereare, however, utilities such as the VST to Audio Units Adapter

You can also incorporate hardware MIDI instruments and MIDI-controlled effects unitsto your Logic Express music production system. These are connected

You can see the results of the validation scan (for all Audio Units and “wrapped” VSTplug-ins) in the Compatibility column of the Audio Units Manager

If you encounter problems with manually activated failed plug-ins, click the Disable FailedAudio Units button in the Audio Units Manager window.Warnin

Disabling Plug-insThe Audio Units Manager also allows you to disable Audio Units plug-ins that you don’twant to use in Logic Express, even if they pas

Prerecorded media plays an important role in modern audio production. Combiningexisting audio loops and other files provides a quick method for laying

Logic Express also supports Broadcast Wave files, which can contain timestampinformation. Files that provide timestamp information can be recognized b

ReCycle FilesReCycle (REX, RCY) files are generated in Propellerhead ReCycle software. These are similarto Apple Loops audio files, in that they conta

Navigating in the BrowserYou can switch the Browser between two views: List view and Column view.List view Column view• List view displays folders an

To navigate in the Browser using the bookmark buttonsµClick one of the bookmark buttons: Computer, Home, or Project.• Computer: Shows all volumes (ha

To perform a basic search in the Browser1 Click the Path pop-up menu (alone, or in conjunction with the bookmark buttons) todetermine what you want to

To view recent search terms1 Click the magnifying glass icon at the left side of the search field.2 Choose any search term from the menu to display th

Note: Reference monitors are specially designed speakers that offer a flat frequencyresponse across a wide range (usually 20 Hz to 20 kHz). These are

This expands the search area. The pop-up menus shown in the expanded search area areused to narrow down, or restrict, your search to specific file typ

To return to a basic search, when several advanced condition rows are shownµClick the – icon to the right of the search field.All advanced condition r

Additional pop-up menus/fieldsSecond menuFirst menuInput fieldcontains, does notcontain, is, is not, startswith, ends withNamePop-up menu, in which yo

Understanding Green and Blue Apple LoopsThe Loop Browser contains two types of Apple Loops: those featuring a blue sound waveicon and those with a gr

You can drag blue (audio) Apple Loops directly into a blank Arrange window (with notracks), or to a blank area below existing tracks. An audio track a

To limit the loop display to a particular Jam Pack or other categoryµChoose a setting from the View menu. You can choose between:• Show All: Choose th

To switch between browsing viewsµClick one of the view buttons at the top-right corner of the Loop Browser.The left button activates Column view, the

Column view offers a standard Mac OS X column file directory that is hierarchicallyseparated into All, By Genres, By Instruments, By Moods, and Favori

The value in brackets indicates the number of files that fall into this subcategory (Beats).The files are shown in the file list below.To browse for A

As you can see from this example, the use of multiple category buttons makes it easy torestrict the number of Apple Loops that are shown in the file l

Multiple mixer outputs and a headphone distribution amplifier are also beneficial in grouprecording situations, as different signals can be sent to ea

This defaults to the project key, but you can also choose to audition the loop in its originalkey or any key from C to B.To stop playbackµClick the sp

Creating a Collection of Your Favorite Apple LoopsThe Fav (Favorites) column offers a checkbox for every displayed loop. Simply select thisbox to add

Adding and Removing Audio FilesYou can add audio directly to the Arrange area, or to the Audio Bin, using any of themethods covered in this section.•

4 Click the Play button to preview the selected audio file.The Play button is renamed Stop. Click it to halt playback.5 Click the Open button to add t

• Copy audio file names to track names: Uses the filenames to rename tracks. This optionis only available when used in conjunction with the “Create ne

The dialog below opens.2 Browse to and select an audio file.You can audition it by clicking the Play button.3 Click the Add button.The file is shown i

To remove one or more files from the current project1 Select the filenames in the Audio Bin.2 Press Delete.The file is deleted from the project, but n

Audio regions that point to compressed audio files are denoted by the following symbol:Compressed audio file symbol To convert compressed AAC, MP3, an

The calculation of audio file overview data is shown in a window. This calculation occursin the background, allowing you to continue working in Logic

2 Choose settings in the Import ReCycle file dialog, then click OK.• Don’t Fix: Imports the file as is. All slices of the file overlap, to match the t

Connecting Your Audio and MIDI DevicesYou need to connect your external audio and MIDI devices to your computer to allowcommunication between Logic Ex

Note: If you move the ReCycle file folder to another audio track, the audio channel stripdestination (of the track inside the folder) does not change

When audio or MIDI files are added to or recorded in the Arrange area, they are displayedas regions. This chapter describes the similarities and diffe

Audio Regions and Audio FilesAudio regions simply refer to (point to) an underlying audio file. Audio regions are merelyused as playback markers (star

It is, of course, possible to directly edit, copy, move, and manage audio files. You do thisin the Sample Editor and Audio Bin. Details can be found i

When opened, folders look just like the Arrange area and track list of a project.Alias and Cloned RegionsAliases can be created for MIDI regions and f

Audio regionsMIDI regionsFeatureYes, for flex-enabled audio regions.YesQuantize parameteravailableYes, for flex-enabled audio regions.YesQ-Swing param

Audio regionsMIDI regionsFeatureYesNoLeft corner may bedragged to concealdata at beginningYes, a variable anchor. This affects all regionsderived from

The Sample Editor opens, with the entire region selected.Managing Regions in the Audio BinThe Audio Bin lists all audio files and regions that have be

The Audio Bin tab is ideal for quickly adding files to the Arrange area, as it doesn’t obscureyour workspace. A bar is shown for each audio file, whic

To open the Audio Bin windowµChoose Window > Audio Bin (or use the Open Bin key command, defaultassignment: Command-9).To view a region associated

FireWire 800FireWire 800, also called IEEE 1394b, is the next generation of FireWire after IEEE 1394a,a higher-bandwidth version capable of data trans

To check the number of times a region is used in your arrangementµChoose View > Show Region Use Count.Creating and Removing RegionsWhen you add an

Warning: If any of the deleted regions exist in the Arrange area, they are removed aswell. You should therefore be careful when deleting a region (or

Playback starts at the click point. This allows you to play specific sections. Playback stopsas soon as you release the mouse button.Note: This only w

Snapping Edits to Zero CrossingsIf Edit > Snap Edits to Zero Crossings is turned on, adjustments to the start or end positionof a region are snappe

In many cases, the anchor should be placed on the amplitude peaks, rather than at thestart of the sound’s attack phase. A good example is recordings o

Updating the Audio Region Arrangement PositionWhen you change the anchor point in the Sample Editor, you can use the CompensateRegion Position feature

The Audio Bin tab shows the status of locked audio regions (in the column between thefile/region Name and Info columns), but you can’t lock or unlock

Once you have added your audio and MIDI regions to the Arrange area, you can edit andreorganize them to create an overall arrangement, or project. Mos

• Creating Multiple Copies of Regions (p. 400)• Creating Region Loops (p. 400)• Dividing Regions (p. 404)• Demixing MIDI Regions (p. 407)• Merging Reg

To alter the Arrange area background color1 Open the Display preferences by doing one of the following:• Choose Logic Express > Preferences > Di

ExpressCard/34The ExpressCard/34 slot supports both PCIe and USB 2.0 connectivity. ExpressCardsavailable include audio interfaces, hard disk controlle

4 In the Colors window that opens, create a custom color by using the color palette wheeland contrast and opacity sliders.5 Click the close button at

To snap regions to a gridµChoose one of the following values in the Snap pop-up menu (at the top of the Arrangearea):• Smart: Edit operations snap to

To snap to an absolute, not relative, positionµChoose the Snap to Absolute Value option from the Snap pop-up menu (at the top ofthe Arrange area).A ti

In cases where the zoom level is extremely low (macroscopic), and a fine Snap value (suchas Division or Frames) is chosen, normal mouse movements resu

To change the drag modeµChoose one of the following settings from the Drag pop-up menu (at the top of theArrange area):• Overlap: This mode is the def

Note: Only one audio region can be played at a time through a track’s channel strip.When two audio regions overlap each other on a track, the later re

Using Shortcut MenusMany selection, editing, and other commands can be accessed by Control-clicking (orright-clicking) anywhere in the Arrange area. M

Soloing RegionsSoloing allows you to hear one or more selected regions in isolation, making it easier toidentify particular elements that may need to

2 Drag to select or Shift-select the regions you want to solo with the Pointer tool. Selectedregions have a yellow outline.Clicking the Solo button on

To name a region with the Text tool1 Select the Text tool.Text tool2 Click a region with the Text tool.A text input box appears.3 Type in a name and p

1/8-inch (3.5 mm) MiniplugMiniplug connectors are used for audio input and output to computers, and on someconsumer electronic devices, particularly p

To assign the same name to multiple regions1 Select a group of regions (drag to select or Shift-click) with the Pointer tool.2 Do one of the following

To assign regions the name of their parent track1 Select the track name in the track list.All regions on the track are automatically selected.2 Choose

c Click the OK button to replace the color square in the Color palette, and close the Colorswindow.Note: While custom colors are memorized for all pro

Selecting Parts of a RegionYou can select and edit parts of one or more regions, using either of the following:• The Marquee tool, which looks like a

2 Drag the marquee rectangle to make selections—independent of existing regionboundaries.To make a marquee selection using the marquee stripe1 Click t

To move the entire marquee selectionDo one of the following:µPress Shift–Left Arrow key, the default Select First, or Shift Marquee Selection Left key

Using the Marquee Selection to Create Track Automation NodesWhen you edit automation data that is spanned by a marquee selection, two automationnodes

2 Do one of the following:• Click one of the regions with the Eraser tool.• Choose Edit > Delete (or press the Delete key).To delete all selected r

To restore a deleted audio regionDo one of the following:µChoose Edit > Undo History, and click the appropriate step.µManually add it back into the

Note: You can override this direction-limiting preference by holding down the Shift keywhile moving regions.Changing the Playback Position of Regions

ADAT Lightpipe is an eight-channel digital audio format developed by Alesis. This signalformat uses TOSLINK optical connectors. Eight channels are sup

µChoose the View > Event Position and Length in SMPTE Units setting in the Event List (oruse the corresponding key command, default assignment: Sh

Nudging Regions with Key CommandsBy predefining a nudge value, you can move selected regions according to this value.Set the nudge value using the fol

• Nudge Region/Event Position Right by Nudge Value• Nudge Region/Event Position Left by Nudge Value• Nudge Region/Event Position Right by Sample• Nudg

The Delay parameter in the Inspector is mainly used for creative musical purposes, suchas rhythmically offsetting musical parts (regions). It can also

Note: If Hyper Draw or automation is activated, you need to grab the left or right side ofthe region title area.To simultaneously resize two adjacent

To resize an Arrange audio region from the Sample EditorµDirectly edit the start and end markers in the Region row at the bottom of the SampleEditor.T

Adjusting the Start or End Point of MIDI RegionsYou can move the left corner beyond the first event in a MIDI region. This action hidesevents from the

To reduce the length of overlapping regions on a track1 Select the overlapping regions on a track, or select all regions on a track by clicking thetra

• Set the value in the Transport bar’s Locator fields.2 Select the regions within the locator boundaries.Tip: You can quickly select all regions insid

You can choose the time stretching and compression algorithm used for this function inthe Arrange area’s Audio > Time Stretching Algorithm menu. De

If the keyboard can generate its own sounds, you should also connect the MIDI Out portof the MIDI interface to the keyboard MIDI In port. If your MIDI

To copy a region (method 1)µOption-drag the region to the desired Arrange position.If Hyper Draw or automation is activated, you need to grab the regi

You can also insert a gap into your arrangement—creating several blank bars, for use asa middle eight, to create space for another chorus or verse, or

To remove gaps between regions1 Select the regions.2 Choose Region > Tie Regions by Position Change (or use the Tie Regions by PositionChange key c

• To cut selected regions that fall between the locators: Choose Region > Cut/InsertTime > Snip: Cut Section Between Locators (or use the corr

All selected regions are cut at the left locator, and a passage of one cycle length is inserted.Regions currently in the Clipboard are then pasted at

Understanding the Parent-Alias Region RelationshipIf the data in the original region is altered, all aliases of the region are affected immediately.Al

The alias appears on the selected track, beginning at the current playhead position.If several regions are selected, their relative time and track pos

To delete all orphan aliasesµChoose MIDI > Alias > Delete All Orphan Aliases (or use the corresponding key command).Converting an Alias into a R

2 In the dialog that appears, set the sample rate, bit depth, file format, stereo conversion,and dither type for the destination files.The new audio f

The dialog that appears looks something like the following:3 Choose whether you want to create zones from regions or transient markers:• Regions: Conv

Opening and Closing Windows84Moving and Resizing Windows87Working at Different Hierarchy Levels91Selecting the Working Area92Zooming the Working Area9

Using Multi-Channel MIDI DevicesMost modern MIDI tone generators can simultaneously receive MIDI data on multipleMIDI channels (multi-timbral MIDI dev

Note: The EXS instrument is saved to the project folder, independent of the File > ProjectSettings > Assets > “Copy EXS instruments to projec

Loop repeats are displayed as extended segments of the original region, but are displayedwith less color. Each segment is the same length as the origi

2 Select (turn on) the Loop option in the Region Parameter box of the Inspector (or use the“Loop Regions/Folders on/off” key command, default assignme

2 Drag the end of the region to the right to set the length of the looped region.The loop repeats are shown as segments (of the same length as the ori

2 Choose Region > Loops > Convert to Aliases (or use the Convert Loops to Aliases keycommand).MIDI region loop repeats are converted into aliase

To divide a region into several portions with the same lengthµHold down the Option key while cutting a region with the Scissors tool.A plus symbol app

All selected regions located wholly, or partly, between the locators are cut at the left andright locator positions. All regions created between the l

Demixing MIDI RegionsYou can split MIDI regions (or Standard MIDI File Formats 1 or 0) by event channels ornote pitches.To split MIDI regions by event

Merging Regions (General Tools and Commands)You can merge two or more selected regions (of the same type—audio or MIDI) into asingle region, making re

2 Choose Region > Merge > Regions per Tracks (or use the “Merge Regions per Tracks” keycommand).The selected regions are combined into one regio

In effect, having a multi-output MIDI interface is something like having more MIDI channels.In this scenario, it would be like having 64 independent M

No Mixdown SituationIf there are several regions (mono or stereo) in a row on the same track that have beencut out of one region with the Scissors too

The Crossfade parameters are defined in the General Audio preferences pane, which canbe opened either by choosing Logic Express > Preferences >

When opened, folders look just like the Arrange area and track list in a project.All regions in the folder are routed to, and played by, the channel s

If all selected regions are located on the same track, the folder is created on that verytrack, and not on a separate folder track.Note: When moving a

You should ensure that the folder is selected before using the command. If a MIDI regionis selected, the Event List editor (showing the MIDI region co

2 Enter the folder that you want to remove the region from in one of the two Arrange areas.3 Drag the region from the folder into the other Arrange ar

Creating FadesA fade in starts at the beginning of an audio region, and a fade out occurs at the end ofthe region. Fades are only visible if you are s

2 Set the value for the Fade In or Fade Out setting in the Region Parameter box. Use themouse as a slider, or double-click and type in the value.As yo

µSelect a region, then edit the Fade In or Fade Out value in the Region Parameter box.When you change an existing fade, the curve shape of the previou

Changing the Fade TypeYou can choose between four different fade types, in the Inspector’s Region Parameterbox or in the Arrange area:• Out (Fade Out)

This function is known as Local Off, and is set directly on your keyboard. Don’t worryabout losing the ability to use the tone generator of your keybo

µChoose the Slow Down parameter, and modify the value accordingly.Deleting a FadeYou can delete a fade with the Crossfade tool, or by modifying the pa

• Q-Swing: This percentage value alters the position of every second point in the currentquantization grid. Values over 50% delay the beats. Values un

Editing Several Regions SimultaneouslyIf several regions are selected, the number of selected regions is displayed, in place of aregion name. If you a

If you want to transpose by octaves, click the arrows to the right of the Transpositionparameter. A pop-up menu opens that allows direct octave transp

• Advanced Quantization: Q-Flam: Notes with the same time position (chords) are spreadout by this parameter. Positive values produce an ascending (up

Note: If you’re editing MIDI regions that appear as notation on a polyphonic staff style,it is recommended to use the Normalize without Channel functi

This chapter covers all aspects of audio and MIDI recording in Logic Express. You’ll learnhow to make use of several workflow features—including take

• MIDI Replace Recording (p. 462)• Retrospective Recording of MIDI Regions (p. 463)• Switching Instruments to Software Instrument Live Mode (p. 464)•

µClick the Sample Rate display in the Transport bar, and choose the desired sample ratefrom the pop-up menu.Note: If you can’t see the Sample Rate dis

To open the Audio Devices preferencesDo one of the following:µChoose Logic Express > Preferences > Audio (or use the Open Audio Preferences keyc

2 Click the Devices tab, then click the Core Audio tab.3 Turn on or off the 24 Bit Recording option.430 Chapter 14 Recording in Logic Express

Setting Up the Metronome for RecordingIf you would like to hear the metronome—which makes a regular click—while recording,you can set this up in the M

The Metronome Project Settings window combines all settings for:• KlopfGeist: This is a software instrument metronome sound source found in the plug-i

For details about the Metronome project settings, see Metronome Settings.Enabling Software Monitoring for RecordingThe Software Monitoring function al

The effect will be part of the monitor mix, but it will not be recorded.Using Auto Input Monitoring for RecordingIf Auto Input Monitoring is turned on

Tip: You can leave the Input Monitoring button turned on before, after, and duringrecording. When the Input Monitoring button is turned on, the Record

Note: When you manually set a recording path outside the current project folder, therecording path is “absolute.” This means that the recording path f

2 Click the General tab.3 Choose the file type in the Recording File Type pop-up menu.There is a maximum recording size according to file type, as fol

Setting the Recording FormatLogic Express allows you to set the recording format of channel strips, as follows:Mono LeftStereo Right• Mono: One circle

Record-Enabling TracksYou can make recordings only on record-enabled—or armed—tracks, irrespective ofwhich arrange track is selected in the track list

Setting Up Core Audio DevicesLogic Express automatically recognizes any installed Core Audio hardware, and uses thedefault settings as defined in the

To disable a record-enabled audio trackDo one of the following:µClick the (red) Record Enable button a second time—in either the track list or Mixer.µ

• Multitrack recording: You can record audio to multiple tracks simultaneously. See AudioMultitrack Recording.• Punch recording: You can record audio

2 Click the Record button in the Transport bar (or use the corresponding key command,default assignment: *).You will hear the count-in, if it is defi

Imagine a guitar solo being performed and recorded multiple times over the same sectionof a project. The first recording appears as a single take regi

2 Set a cycle area by doing one of the following:• Drag the left and right locators in the top part of the Bar ruler.• Use the locator fields in the T

5 Open the take folder by doing one of the following:• Click the disclosure triangle in the top-left corner of the take folder (or use theUn/disclose

An overlapping audio region is created in real time along the track until you stop recording.3 Stop recording by clicking the Stop button in the Trans

Audio Multitrack RecordingYou can record audio to multiple tracks simultaneously. This is done by record-enablingthe required arrange tracks, then sta

• Autopunch: Involves the use of predefined punch-in and punch-out points to start andstop recording.Note: Only record-enabled tracks are affected by

The Autopunch feature can be used for audio, software instrument, or MIDI tracks.To record in Autopunch mode1 Turn on the Autopunch button in the Tran

The Logic Express interface features several areas, each specialized for particular tasks.This chapter introduces you to the Arrange window, which can

Logic Express will begin recording approximately one bar before the punch-in locator.This allows the start point of the region to be adjusted later, e

5 Stop recording by clicking the Stop button in the Transport bar (or press the Space bar).When you are cycle recording in Replace mode, existing regi

• Merge recording: You can record over an existing MIDI region, merging the recordingsas one. See MIDI Merge Recording.• Replace recording: You can re

The recording appears as a single MIDI region on the selected arrange track, with thedata appearing instantaneously.While recording, you can change th

2 Open the Overlapping Recordings pop-up menu and choose “Create take folders.”3 Turn on Cycle mode by doing one of the following:• Click the Cycle bu

4 Set a cycle area by doing one of the following:• Drag the left and right locators in the top part of the Bar ruler.• Modify the locator fields in th

• Double-click the take folder.Recording Additional MIDI TakesAfter recording single or multiple MIDI takes to an arrange track, you can continue tore

Only the actual recording of MIDI events qualifies them as overlapping. For example,imagine that you are recording over existing take folders 1, 2, an

You now have a new MIDI region on each of the record-enabled tracks.There are two operating modes available for simultaneous recording of multiple MID

To record several MIDI tracks in Cycle mode1 Open the Recording project settings window by doing one of the following:• Choose File > Project Setti

Opening Logic ExpressThere are several ways to open Logic Express.To open Logic ExpressDo one of the following:µDouble-click the Logic Express icon in

You also have the option to mute each previous track while recording.To record several MIDI tracks, and mute each previous track, in Cycle mode1 Open

When you stop recording, you can work with each newly recorded region independentlyof the others.MIDI Merge RecordingYou can incorporate newly recorde

• Click the Settings button in the Arrange toolbar, and choose Recording from the pop-upmenu.• Control-click (or right-click) the Record button in the

2 Open the Overlapping Recordings pop-up menu and choose “Merge with selected regions.”3 Click the Replace button in the Transport bar.Tip: You can al

Switching Instruments to Software Instrument Live ModeWhen you select a (software) instrument track, it does not immediately switch into liveor perfor

3 Select the checkboxes that correspond to the MIDI event types you would like to filter atthe Logic Express sequencer input.Turning MIDI Thru Off Whe

3 Open the Instrument Without MIDI Thru Function pop-up menu, and choose the desiredinstrument.Using Advanced Recording CommandsYou can use several ad

To color a take in an open or closed take folder while recordingµClick the desired color in the Color palette, which you access in one of the followin

When this setting is selected, audio take folders use the color chosen from the Colorpalette for the first take, but different colors for each of the

MIDI Step Input RecordingThe Step Input features allow you to insert MIDI notes when Logic Express is not in areal-time recording mode.You can use Ste

The following is an overview of the main elements in the Arrange window:Click this button to display the Toolbar.Arrange areaClick this button to disp

Using the Step Input KeyboardYou can open the Step Input Keyboard window by choosing Options > Step InputKeyboard.Note length buttonsChord buttonSu

4 Click a key in the Step Input Keyboard to insert a note of the key’s pitch.A note of the chosen pitch, note length, and velocity is inserted, and th

When you are creating a system for these key command assignments, consider thefollowing approaches:• Lay out these commands on the computer keyboard t

Triplets, Dotted Note GroupsThe “Next three notes are triplets” key command is self-explanatory. The rhythmic valueof the triplets corresponds to the

Using the Caps Lock Keyboard for MIDI Step InputThe Caps Lock Keyboard enables you to use the computer keyboard as a real-time virtualMIDI keyboard. Y

The Space bar provides a Sustain function—played with your thumbs rather than yourfeet. You can trigger new notes or switch between octave or velocity

Imagine a scenario where you have recorded multiple performances of a vocal solo overthe same section of a project. In this chapter, you’ll learn how

Getting to Know Take FoldersYou will typically encounter the following elements in an open audio take folder:Comp sectionsQuick Swipe Comping buttonTa

To open a take folder and preview the recordings1 Open the take folder by doing one of the following:• Click the disclosure triangle in the top-left c

• Clicking the Hyper Editor button (above the Transport bar) displays the parametersof the currently selected hyper definition (selected row within th

The following key commands enable you to step through take recordings in an open orclosed take folder:• Select Previous Take or Comp: Moves back throu

To toggle take folder editing modeDo one of the following:µClick the arrow in the top-right corner of the take folder, then choose Quick SwipeComping

Creating CompsYou can use quick swipe comping techniques to select the best parts from several takerecordings, combining these parts into one master t

The comp sections, located in the top lane of the take folder, reflect the combinedselections from all take regions. The vertical lines in the wavefor

Extending a take region section (dragging the start point to the left or the end point tothe right) automatically shortens adjacent sections on other

To move a selected comp area to the left or rightµPlace the pointer over the center of a take region’s selected area, then drag when thepointer change

To alternate selected comp areas between take lanesµClick an unselected area of a take region to make that particular area active and part ofthe comp.

To remove a take region section from the comp sectionsµShift-click the take region section.To remove an entire take region from the comp sectionsµShif

Resizing Take RegionsYou can edit the start and end points of take regions, which allows you to remove thebad part of an otherwise good take. You can

To edit a take region’s start or end point when bordered by another take regionµPlace the pointer over the top-left or top-right edge of the take regi

• Track list: This is where you set the destination channel strip for playback of the MIDIor audio regions on each horizontal track lane. The headers

To cut a take folderµClick the take folder using the Scissors tool.This cuts the take folder at the clicked position, while also cutting all takes ins

To cut a take regionµClick the take region using the Scissors tool.You now have multiple take regions on the same take lane.You can also make cuts of

The first cut occurs at the clicked position, with all further cuts occurring at equal intervalsup to the take region end point.You can also divide ta

You can also move take regions between take lanes.To move take regions between take lanesµDrag the take region to another take lane.Note: Empty take l

A new take lane is created directly under the take folder, and the take region is added asa new take.Duplicating Comps or Creating New CompsAfter crea

To save the current compµClick the arrow in the top right of the take folder, then choose Duplicate Comp from thepop-up menu (or use the Duplicate Com

To create a new comp from the active takeµClick the arrow in the top right of the take folder, then choose Create New Comp fromthe pop-up menu (or use

To rename a take1 Click the arrow in the top right of the take folder, then choose the take you want torename from the pop-up menu.2 Click the arrow i

3 Type the new name in the dialog that opens, then click OK.Tip: You can also click a take region with the Text tool, and type a new name in the texti

2 Click the arrow in the top right of the take folder, then choose Rename Comp from thepop-up menu (or use the “Rename Take or Comp” key command).3 Ty

Importing Data and Settings from Other Projects161Checking and Repairing Projects168Setting Project Properties169Managing Projects177Saving Projects18

Using the InspectorThe Inspector can be displayed or hidden by clicking the Inspector button in the Arrangetoolbar. The horizontal size of the Inspect

To delete a take1 Click the arrow in the top right of the take folder, then choose the take that you want todelete from the pop-up menu.2 Delete the t

• Click the take using the Eraser tool.• Press the Delete key.To delete a comp1 Click the arrow in the top right of the take folder, then choose the c

2 Click the arrow in the top right of the take folder, then choose Delete Comp from thepop-up menu (or use the “Delete Take or Comp” key command).You

2 Click the arrow in the top right of the take folder, then choose “Delete all other Comps”from the pop-up menu.All comps, with the exception of the c

To export an active take to a new track1 Click the arrow in the top right of the take folder to open the pop-up menu, then choosethe take you want to

This copies the active take to a new track, which is created below the take folder track.The exported take can be made up of one or more take regions.

To export an active comp to a new track1 Click the arrow in the top right of the take folder to open the pop-up menu, then choosethe comp you want to

This copies the active comp to a new track, which is created below the take folder track.The content of the original take folder remains intact.Moving

To move an active take to a new track1 Click the arrow in the top right of the take folder to open the pop-up menu, then choosethe take you want to mo

This moves the active take to a new track, which is created below the take folder track.This take is no longer available in the original take folder.T

The following image shows the Inspector when the Arrange area is in key focus.Region Parameter boxTrack Parameter boxArrange channel strips• Region Pa

2 Click the arrow in the top right of the take folder, then choose “Move active Comp toNew Track” from the pop-up menu (or use the “Move Active Take o

This moves the active comp to a new track, which is created below the take folder track.This comp is no longer available in the original take folder.F

To flatten a take folder1 Click the arrow in the top right of the take folder to open the pop-up menu, then choosethe comp you want to keep.2 Click th

This replaces the take folder with multiple regions that represent the current compselections.You can also flatten a take folder and merge the results

2 Click the arrow in the top right of the take folder, then choose “Flatten and Merge” fromthe pop-up menu (or use the “Flatten and Merge Take Folder”

To unpack take foldersDo one of the following:µChoose Region > Folder > Unpack Take Folder in the Arrange area’s local menu bar (oruse the corre

This command—Unpack Take Folder, or Unpack—uses the original channel strip for allnew tracks. All takes and comps, with the exception of the currently

µClick the arrow in the top-right corner of the take folder, then choose “Unpack to NewTracks” from the pop-up menu.Note: The latter option affects on

This command—“Unpack Take Folder to New Tracks,” or “Unpack to New Tracks”—usesdifferent channel strips for each new track, but automatically assigns

• If the selected regions are placed one after the other on a single track, the newly createdtake folder defaults to one automatically created comp.•

• Arrange channel strips: The left channel strip controls the output of the selected arrangetrack. The righ channel strip can vary, depending on actio

Flex Time editing—similar to what is often referred to as elastic audio in otherapplications—is a nondestructive form of audio editing in Logic Expres

• Using the Flex Tool (p. 537)• Using Varispeed to Alter Playback Speed and Pitch (p. 541)Turning on Flex ViewTo edit the timing of your audio files,

To assign a flex mode to an audio trackDo one of the following:µClick the Flex Mode button in the arrange track list, then choose a mode from the pop-

After assigning a flex mode to an audio track, you have the option of isolating individualregions—or take regions in the case of take folders—from the

Getting to Know the Flex ModesFlex modes determine how the audio material is processed, and each flex mode is bestsuited to a specific type of audio m

RhythmicRhythmic flex mode time stretches the material, looping audio between slices in orderto fill any gaps. This mode is most suitable for nonmonop

• Crossfade: Adjusts the crossfade length from 0.00, which produces hard artifacts, tothe full grain length of 1.00, which tends to sound softer.Speed

• Tempo markers: Displayed as blue lines, tempo markers denote a tempo change at thatpoint in the audio region and continue to maintain that tempo cha

• If you click in the area where a transient marker does not exist (note the change ofmouse pointer), the flex marker is created at the clicked positi

You can add, edit, delete, and rename audio files and regions in the Bin. All audio filesand regions can be dragged directly from the Bin into the Arr

• If you click in the area where a transient marker does not exist (note the change ofmouse pointer), three flex markers are created in these position

Moving Flex Markers and Time StretchingWhen you move flex markers, the audio material will be time-stretched, but the resultsdepend on which flex mark

If you move a flex marker to the left and the flex marker crosses the previous flex marker,the previous flex marker jumps back to the previous transie

Note: Time compression or expansion may lead to reduced sound quality. However,if Slicing mode is selected, the audio itself is never time-compressed

To delete multiple flex markersDo one of the following:µDrag across multiple flex markers with the Eraser tool.Important: Make sure to use the Eraser

2 Click in the upper half of the selection area with the Pointer tool, then drag the highlightedarea—between the second and third flex markers—in eith

This action time stretches the entire contents of the region equally, as follows:• It compresses the audio material if you drag the region corner to t

A yellow guideline appears in the other track region as you jump from transient totransient.2 Release the mouse button to snap the flex marker to the

You can use the Flex tool for the following Flex Time editing activities:To create flex markers and time stretchDo one of the following:µUsing the Fle

µUsing the Flex tool, place the pointer over the region body, then drag when you see thefollowing pointer:This creates three flex markers, as follows:

When you open the Audio Bin as an independent window and resize it, the Bin’s Infocolumn can display waveform overviews of audio files and regions.54

µMake a selection in the region with the Marquee tool, then drag it.Flex marker (on next transient)Flex marker (on previous transient)Flex marker (at

To time stretch using region bordersDo one of the following:µDrag the left or right edge of the region header.µHold down Option while dragging the reg

To turn Varispeed mode on or offµClick the Varispeed button in the Transport bar (or use the Toggle Varispeed keycommand).When enabled, the Varispeed

You can use the Arrange area or the Sample Editor to make incredibly fine adjustmentsto audio files. In this chapter you will see why the Sample Edito

• Customizing Waveform Amplitude Scale in the Sample Editor (p. 568)• Customizing the Ruler in the Sample Editor (p. 568)• Customizing Waveform Displa

µDrag the Sample Editor button, which changes to the Sample Editor window as you dragit.Note: For the Sample Editor to always display the contents of

• Waveform display: Provides a detailed view of the waveform area selected in thewaveform overview.• Transient Editing Mode button: Activates or deact

To control playback using the Prelisten button1 Control-click (or right-click) the Prelisten button, and choose an option from the shortcutmenu:• Auto

To scrub audioµClick-hold the ruler and move the pointer.The audio playback will follow the speed and direction of your pointer. This helps you toquic

Navigating Audio Files in the Sample EditorThe Sample Editor offers a number of navigation features that make it easy to move tospecific parts of an a

Introducing the Loop BrowserThe Loop Browser is designed to make finding Apple Loops intuitive and efficient. Youcan search for loops by using keyword

Making Selections in the Sample EditorEditing and processing audio in the Sample Editor is possible only after you select anarea within the waveform d

To select a particular section of an audio fileµClick-hold the start or end of the area you want to select in the waveform display, thendrag to the ri

To change the start or end point of an existing selectionDo one of the following:µShift-click in the waveform display to move the start or end point.µ

To select a section of an audio file between two transient markersµDouble-click the area of the waveform display between the two transient markers.You

Audio Editing and Processing in the Sample EditorThe following section covers the use of several standard audio editing and processingcommands or func

Using Transient Markers to Edit in the Sample EditorYou can use transient markers to edit selected areas of an audio file, or the entire file, inthe S

When you turn on Transient Editing mode, the audio file is analyzed for transient events,and all detected transients are marked in the audio file.Dete

• − button: Decreases the number of transients in the selected area of the audio file, oracross the entire audio file. You can also use the “Decrease

To move a transient marker in an audio fileµDrag an existing transient marker to another position.Note: The new position may or may not snap to zero c

This detects transients across the audio file, overwriting (after you confirm the action)any manually added or edited transients.Note: You can also de

Sound Effects view offers effect-related category buttons such as Explosions, Foley, orPeople.Column view offers a standard Mac OS X column file menu

As long as the mouse button is held down, the drawn waveform can be replaced by theoriginal waveform—by moving the pointer to the left.Trimming Audio

2 Choose the desired settings in the Change Gain dialog:• Set the required level change in the Change Relative fields by clicking the up or downarrows

You can set the desired maximum level in the Function Settings window, which you canopen by choosing Functions > Settings (or by clicking the Setti

Tip: If you use the Silence function (see Silencing an Audio File Selection in the SampleEditor) to remove unwanted background noise from silent passa

3 Select the S Curve checkboxes if you want to create s-shaped curves.These settings are automatically stored in Logic Express preferences when Logic

Tip: You can also use the Invert function to decode mono/stereo recordings, but it’s fareasier to use the Direction Mixer plug-in for this task. For m

Undoing Edit Steps in the Sample EditorMost Sample Editor functions are destructive, changing the files stored on your harddrive. You can, of course,

2 Choose the desired settings in the Save A Copy As dialog:You can set the desired sample rate, bit depth, file format, stereo conversion, and dithert

Customizing Waveform Amplitude Scale in the Sample EditorYou can customize the waveform’s amplitude scale (plotted along the vertical axis) in theSamp

To enter relative display modeDo one of the following:µOpen the Sample Editor from the Audio Bin (double-click the region in the Audio Bin).µClick the

Introducing the LibraryThe Library is a powerful tool that you can use to access the following file types.• Channel strip settings (.cst)• Plug-in set

Time is measured from the start of the project, which is assigned a value of 0, or a valueof 1 1 1 1 if set to Bars/Beats. In this viewing mode, the a

Note: You need to zoom the waveform display to high magnification levels for this towork.Getting to Know the Sample Editor’s Digital FactoryThe Sample

Using the Sample Editor’s “Time and Pitch Machine”You can use the “Time and Pitch Machine” to radically alter the time structure of audiofiles, includ

The “Time and Pitch Machine” contains Mode and Algorithm, Tempo, and Pitch parameters.Mode and AlgorithmTempo parametersPitch parametersYou don’t need

• Algorithm menu: You can choose the algorithm that is best suited to the audio materialyou want to process:• Version 5: Inherited from Logic 5, this

Setting Tempo Parameters in the “Time and Pitch Machine”The Tempo section is divided into two columns: The Original column displays the currentvalues

• Harmonic Correction: When audio is transposed, not only is the fundamental pitchtransposed, but all of the formants are shifted as well—as though th

Using the Sample Editor’s Groove MachineYou can use the Groove Machine to alter the feel, swing, or groove of digital audio material,in percentage ste

Setting Groove Machine ParametersHere are the parameters in the Groove Machine:• Swing: Sets the swing factor. At 50% there is no change—you generally

Using the Sample Editor’s Audio EnergizerYou can use the Audio Energizer to increase the perceived volume of audio material whilealtering the sound as

Introducing the File BrowserThe File Browser allows you to navigate to, or search for, all file types that can be usedin Logic Express, giving you eas

2 Choose Factory > Audio Energizer (or use the corresponding key command).580 Chapter 17 Editing Audio in the Sample Editor

Setting Audio Energizer ParametersHere are the parameters in the Audio Energizer:• Factor: Sets the amount of average level boost. A value of 0% means

Using the Sample Editor’s SilencerYou can use the Silencer to perform two different functions, either separately or together.These are:• Spike Reducti

Applying Spike Reduction in the SilencerThe aim of Spike Reduction is to identify and reduce signals such as pops, clicks, or digitalspikes, in order

The process of Noise Reduction is single-ended, meaning it affects material that is alreadyrecorded, and there is no need to decode the signal during

Opening the Sample Editor’s “Audio to Score”You need to select an area within an audio file before you can open “Audio to Score.”To open “Audio to Sco

Setting “Audio to Score” ParametersHere are the parameters in Audio to Score. You may need to experiment with differentparameter values, and even make

• Velocity Threshold: Sets the threshold level. All signals that fall below this value areignored. In most cases, you should choose a value of 1, exce

2 Choose Factory > Quantize Engine (or use the corresponding key command, defaultassignment: Control-Q).Setting Quantize Engine ParametersThe para

• Quantize by: Open this pop-up menu to choose the required quantization grid. Thesame values available for MIDI data (including user quantization tem

• Path menu: Displays the levels of the file path to the current location, allowing you tomove back to a previous level.• Computer button: Displays th

2 Click the Sample Editor tab, then click the Set button below the External Sample Editorsection.A dialog opens where you can find and select an exter

The length of imported audio regions and the project tempo are directly linked. If youchange the tempo at a particular project position, the length of

Note: Bounced files can only follow the project tempo if the “Add resulting files toAudio Bin” option was selected in the Bounce dialog, prior to the

Note: The Follow Tempo option does not create an Apple Loops file. Apple Loops followchord changes; if you record a solo over an arrangement consistin

The locator range should closely match the length of the region—usually to the nearestbar.4 Choose Options > Tempo > Adjust Tempo using Region L

Time Stretching RegionsLogic Express allows you to time stretch audio regions directly in the Arrange area, usingmenu or key commands. Time stretching

4 Choose Audio > Time Stretch Region to Locators to expand or compress the selectedaudio region to fit between the locators.The region start point

Using Beat Detection to Create Tempo ChangesYou can use beat detection to find the average tempo of one or multiple selected audioor MIDI regions. The

The selected regions are analyzed; the results appear in a dialog that looks somethinglike the following.3 Set the following parameters, as required.•

4 Click the Advanced Options disclosure triangle and set the following parameters, asrequired:• Adjust Value By sliders: Define a ratio (multiplier an

Working with Instruments and Effects257Chapter 10Getting to Know the Arrange Channel Strips257Working with Plug-ins262Working with Channel Strip Confi

Working in the Notes AreaThe Notes area can be opened or closed by clicking the Notes button in the Arrangetoolbar. It provides two independent tabs t

To remove tempo information from an audio fileµChoose Options > Tempo > Remove Tempo Information from Audio File in the mainmenu bar.Then you ca

You can use the Strip Silence function to automatically remove silent passages from audioregions. The basic premise of the Strip Silence process is si

Getting to Know the Strip Silence WindowThe main parameters of the Strip Silence window are as follows:• Threshold: Use to define the amplitude level

• Search Zero Crossings: Select this checkbox to automatically snap the region start andend points to the nearest waveform zero crossings.Removing Sil

Automatic Anchor CreationWhen you create new regions with Strip Silence, a separate anchor—based on the divisionvalue set in the Transport (1/16, 1/8,

Using Strip Silence to Create Segments for Drum LoopsDividing drum loops into small segments is a good way of perfectly synchronizing them.For example

This chapter describes all audio file management functions available in Logic Express.While several individual file management functions are found in

Sorting Audio FilesInformation on every currently loaded audio file is shown in the Info column of the AudioBin. You can switch this display on or off

Grouping Files in the Audio BinYou can group audio files together, making handling of large numbers of files easier andfaster. In the following image,

Introducing Project NotesThe Project pane displays project-specific notes, of which there can only be one set perproject. You can use this pane to cre

2 Choose View > Create Group (or Control-click the Audio Bin or use the correspondingkey command).3 Type a group name in the Group Name field (labe

To open or close one or more groupsDo one of the following:µClick the disclosure triangle to the left of a group name.This expands or collapses the cl

This expands or collapses all groups, including the audio files in the Option-clicked group.To open or close all audio files in a groupµOption-click t

This expands or collapses all audio files in the Option-clicked group, without affectingother groups.To select all files in a groupµOption-click a gro

• If the file is half of a split stereo pair, Logic Express automatically assigns the new nameto the other half of the stereo pair.• Logic Express als

Logic Express updates the path information for all open projects that use a given audiofile. This makes projects easier to manage when moving audio fi

3 Choose settings in the “Copy/convert file as” dialog:You can set the sample rate, bit depth, file format, stereo conversion, and dither type forthe

Note: If a file of the same name exists in the target location, Logic Express asks whetheror not you want to replace it. Click Replace to do so, or ty

To delete sections of audio files that are no longer used in the project1 Select the audio files that you want to optimize in the Audio Bin.The Edit &

Note: If you want to simultaneously save several regions as audio files, you should namethe regions before using the Save Region(s) as command, as exi

Working in the Lists AreaThe Lists area can be opened or closed by clicking the Lists button in the Arrange toolbar.It provides four independent tabs

• You have renamed the files in the Finder, or renamed them in the Audio Bin of anotherproject.• You have deleted the files.In these situations, Logic

• Double-click the exclamation mark beside the audio filename in the Audio Bin tab.• Choose Audio File > Update File Information in the Audio Bin.2

Quantization is the rhythmic correction of audio or MIDI to a specific time grid. Anyinaccurately played audio material—centered around transient mark

Understanding Region- and Event-based QuantizationRegion-based quantization is a process that affects all transient markers in an audio regionor all n

• Swing quantization: The 8F Swing, 8E Swing, 8D Swing, 8C Swing, 8B Swing, 8A Swing,and 16F-to-16A Swing settings delay the position of every second

The Q-Swing field is located just below the Quantize pop-up menu, and the rest of thequantization options listed below are in the Advanced Quantizatio

Tip: To obtain the best Q-Range results, use a low, even quantize value, such as 1/4note. Set the Q-Range parameter to compensate for the maximum erro

You can also quantize sections of the same audio or MIDI region differently.To quantize various parts of a region differently1 Divide the region with

Important: Unlike other region playback parameters (Delay, Transposition, and so on),the value chosen from the Quantize pop-up menu affects the way no

The Event List can display two types of data: region-related or event-related. Theinformation that is displayed depends on the current hierarchy leve

3 In the Group Settings window, select the Editing (Selection) checkbox, followed by thePhase-Locked Audio checkbox.The group is now enabled for phase

This triggers a process where quantize markers are automatically placed on top of theexisting transient markers. You can easily differentiate between

Quantizing MIDI EventsEvent-based quantization can be applied to any individual MIDI event (not just noteevents) within a MIDI region. Individual even

This pop-up menu contains the same grid values that are in the Quantize pop-up menuof the Region Parameter box, shown in the Inspector.2 Do one of the

2 Do one of the following, depending on the options available in the editor:• Choose Functions > Undo Quantization, or use the corresponding key co

Tip: Two-bar MIDI regions work particularly well as models for this function, but you canuse MIDI regions of any length. Make sure that the source MID

Important: The source audio or MIDI region used for a groove template must remain inyour project if you want to use the groove template. If you delete

3 To add them to the Quantize pop-up menu, select a groove template and then chooseMake Groove Template from the Quantize pop-up menu of the Region Pa

• Granulation (ms): Determines the time span of louder components in the audio material.Logic Express uses these peak signals (or transients) to deriv

While the “Audio to MIDI Groove Template” tab is still open, notice that there are threefields at the bottom of the Sample Editor—labeled Audio, Quant

Introducing the Marker ListThe Marker List displays all markers in the project. You can use it to create new markers,edit existing ones, and to select

This chapter provides an overview of where you can best edit different types of MIDIevents in Logic Express. Logic Express offers several MIDI event e

• Event List: Shows all MIDI event types as a list. This is the editor to use when you needto make precise changes to any aspect of a MIDI event.• Tra

• Disabled: Double-clicking a MIDI region (either the same one or another) opens thechosen editor in a separate window, displaying the newly clicked r

µDrag the Event List tab in the Lists area, which changes to a separate window as you dragit.To access the Transform windowDo one of the following:µCh

2 Click the Editing tab, then choose the preferred editor from the “Double-clicking a MIDIRegion opens” pop-up menu.Hearing MIDI Events When EditingMI

To create an empty MIDI regionµClick at the desired position on a software instrument track lane with the Pencil tool.This inserts an empty MIDI regio

• Deleting or moving portions of regions (and therefore the events) with the Marqueetool.• Adjusting the playback of all events in a region by alterin

This transmits control change message #121, with a value of 0 (reset all controllers), onall MIDI channels and outputs used by defined instruments. Th

The Piano Roll Editor shows the note events of a MIDI region as horizontal rectangles.This resembles the holes cut in paper pianola rolls. The Piano R

Introducing the Tempo ListThe Tempo List displays all tempo changes in the project. You can also use it to createnew tempo events, or to edit existing

To open the Piano Roll Editor as a separate windowDo one of the following:µChoose Window > Piano Roll (or use the Open Piano Roll key command, defa

• The vertical position of note events indicates their pitch, with those nearer the top ofthe Piano Roll grid being higher in pitch. Chords are displa

Understanding Note VelocitiesEach note event features a horizontal line that runs through the rectangle. The length ofthe line—in relation to the tota

When the Link Button Is Turned OffYou can select several regions, either one after the other or simultaneously, and the PianoRoll Editor does not upda

To snap events to a gridµChoose one of the following values in the Snap menu at the top of the Piano Roll Editor:• Smart: Edit operations snap to the

The Snap menu setting applies to the following edit operations:• Moving and copying events• Resizing events• Cutting events• Moving, adding, and resiz

When no notes are selected, the info display shows the name of the most recently selectedMIDI region.Creating Notes in the Piano Roll EditorYou will o

• Click the original note with the Pencil tool.Note: Editing an existing note also defines it as the default note.2 Click a position in the Piano Roll

Events of the same type, but on different MIDI channels, are not viewed as being identical.The “same time position” includes two notes that are output

2 Click any entry to undo or redo all steps between the clicked and highlighted entries. Allsteps are animated during this process.Important: A Redo l

You can use the Signature List to create, copy, move, and delete time and key signatureevents.The initial time and key signature of the project is alw

2 Click the Editing tab, then select the Limit Dragging to One Direction in Piano Roll andScore checkbox.When active, this option helps you to avoid a

• Nudge Region/Event Position Left by Bar• Nudge Region/Event Position Right by Nudge Value• Nudge Region/Event Position Left by Nudge Value• Nudge Re

To change the start point (and length) of a noteµPosition the Pointer or Pencil tool over the lower-left edge of a note event, then dragwhen the tool

• Note Overlap Correction for Repeated Notes: This command removes overlaps for allselected notes, but only if the following overlapped notes have the

Copying or Moving Notes in the Piano Roll EditorThere are a number of ways to copy or move notes in the Piano Roll Editor.To copy or move notesDo one

Using the Copy MIDI Events SettingsThe following describes the settings found in the Copy MIDI Events dialog.• Mode pop-up menu: Determines how MIDI e

Protecting the Position of Events in the Piano Roll EditorThere are times when you will want to protect certain events from being moved. Forexample, s

All selected notes can be altered simultaneously; the differences in their respective velocityvalues are retained. If the velocity value of any of the

• Region Colors: Applies color in accordance with the color of the MIDI region that containsthe notes.• MIDI Channel Colors: Applies color in accordan

Regions split in this way allow you to create a new MIDI region for each note by usingthe Region > Split/Demix > Demix by Event Channel menu opt

Introducing the MixerThe Mixer is where you mix your project. Each track is played back through a channelstrip. You can adjust the level and pan posit

The selected controller type (volume, for example) is shown in a gray field below thePiano Roll grid.2 Click at different points in the gray area to c

Customizing the Piano Roll EditorYou can customize the appearance of the Piano Roll Editor by modifying Piano Roll Displaypreferences—such as backgrou

Note: If using an independent Piano Roll Editor window, double-clicking an event opensan independent Event List window.To quickly open the Score Edito

The Hyper Editor is a graphical editor that can be used to create or edit MIDI note andcontroller data. In this chapter, you’ll learn how to use the H

µDrag the Hyper Editor button, which changes to the Hyper Editor window as you dragit.674 Chapter 24 Editing MIDI in the Hyper Editor

Getting to Know the Hyper EditorThe main elements of the Hyper Editor are as follows:Event Definition Parameter BoxEvent Event definitionsHyper Set me

You can, of course, record events with a MIDI keyboard, and then refine your performancesin the Hyper Editor.Changing the Grid and Beam DisplayThe Gri

You can also alter the width and style of event beams to make event creation and editingeasier.To set the width of event beamsµChoose a Pen Width valu

• Framed Values: Shows a hollow frame beam that is the full height of the event definitionlane. The value of the event is displayed as a colored beam

To create multiple events in a linear fashion1 Select the Line tool.Line tool2 Click a position on the appropriate event definition lane.A help tag ap

Introducing the Sample EditorThe Sample Editor displays the contents of audio files as waveform graphics. You can usethe Sample Editor to precisely ed

As you do so, you see the line trailing behind the Line tool pointer, with the exact positionand event value shown in a help tag.4 Shift-click the end

This is ideal when adding events with the Pencil, as all are assigned the value of thepreviously selected event. This allows you to draw a succession

To delete similar or equal events1 Select one of the notes you want to delete.2 Choose Edit > Select Similar Events or Edit > Select Equal Event

Changing Event ValuesEvents can be altered individually or as a group. When adjusted as a group, the absolutedifferences between the event values rema

As you do so, a help tag informs you of the position, event definition type, and value (ifapplicable).Moving Events via Key CommandsEditing can be acc

Using the Clipboard to Copy and Move EventsYou can also use the Clipboard to copy and move events:• Edit > Copy (or Command-C) copies events into t

Selecting and Creating Event DefinitionsYou can select an event definition by clicking the name column with the Pointer or Penciltool.This allows you

2 Select the Auto Define checkbox in the Hyper Editor’s Inspector (or use the Toggle AutoDefine key command, default assignment: Control-A).3 Choose

Tip: It’s a good idea to create a new hyper set before creating a group of new definitions.For more information, see Creating a Hyper Set.Copying, Del

To rearrange the order of event definition lanesµGrab the name of the event definition you want to move, and drag it (vertically) to thenew position.C

Introducing the Piano Roll EditorThe Piano Roll Editor displays MIDI notes as beams on a grid. The piano keyboard to theleft is aligned with the note

On the left (Convert), you can see the parameters of the selected event definition, andon the right you can define the parameters of the destination e

• C- Press (Channel Pressure): To define a lane for channel pressure (also known asaftertouch, a feature of many synthesizers that adds vibrato, for e

If Control is chosen in the Status line, you can use a pop-up menu shown in the First DataByte parameter line to determine the controller type (contro

Setting the MIDI Channel NumberA checkbox appears to the right of Channel. To the right of this checkbox you can set aMIDI channel number, by dragging

• GM Drum Kit: Offers lanes that match the note names of the General MIDI (GM) drummap. This is perfect for creating drum (or other instrument) parts,

Creating a Hyper SetTo create a new hyper set, choose Hyper > Create Hyper Set (or use the Hyper Set menu,or corresponding key command). The preset

A dotted line links the two instrument lanes in the the left edge of the column.3 Click the dots of each lane to turn off hi-hat mode.All lanes in a h

µChoose Delete Hyper Set from the Hyper Set pop-up menu in the Inspector.Loading a Hyper SetYou can switch the Hyper Editor display to the desired eve

The Event List is the most powerful, flexible, and complete MIDI editor in Logic Express.All MIDI event types are displayed as an alphanumerical list

Cutting, Copying, and Pasting Regions389Adding or Removing Arrangement Passages390Creating Region Aliases394Creating Region Clones397Converting Region

Details on using the Score Editor can be found in Working with Notation.Introducing the Hyper EditorThe Hyper Editor displays MIDI note or controller

Getting to Know the Event ListAll functions and options are shown at the top of the Event List area. The eventsthemselves are shown in the list area b

µDrag the Event tab, which changes to the Event List window as you drag it.Changing the Event List View LevelBy default, the Event List shows all even

The Event List can also display a list of all regions (and folders) in the Arrange window.To view a list of Arrange regions (and folders)µClick the Hi

As a practical example of where these facilities could be used: Imagine a lead synthesizersolo that spans eight bars. You went crazy with the pitch b

This is particularly important for editing SysEx messages. When examining note eventsin the Event List, you will also notice Rel Vel (release velocity

To view events outside the display areaDo one of the following:µUse the event type buttons to filter the list, thus reducing the number of displayed e

You can use these filter buttons alone, or in conjunction with, specific selection commandsavailable in the Edit menu and as key commands. These inclu

Important: Events can only be created in an existing region. If no region is selected, orexists, on the selected arrange track, an alert appears.To du

Protecting the Position of EventsThere are situations when you will want to protect certain events from being moved. Forexample, several note events m

In some instances, clicking the information in the Num(ber) or Val(ue) column opens apop-up menu, allowing you to choose an option. For example, click

Local Menu BarsA window’s local menu bar contains buttons that access functions specific to the window.For example, the Score Editor provides an enhar

µClick-hold the specific position unit, and drag vertically. Release the mouse button whenyou’re done.If another editor, such as the Piano Roll Editor

If a parameter of one of several selected events is altered, it affects the same parameterin all events within the selection group. When you alter par

• Unselected Within Selection: Erases all unselected MIDI events within a selection, suchas between locators.Soloing and Renaming Regions or FoldersAl

Note EventsNote events are used to trigger (play) software instruments and external MIDI soundmodules or keyboards.• Num(ber): MIDI note number (or pi

Mapped Instrument NotesIf the edited MIDI region is played through a mapped instrument, the names defined foreach individual note appear in the Status

• Val(ue): Value of the controller. Continuous controllers have a range of 0 to 127. Switchcontrollers (CC#64-CC#90) transfer two states: off (val =

• Other manufacturers use various methods of dividing internal memory locations intogroups (or banks) and sounds. The most common is divisions into 8

Poly Pressure EventsPoly(phonic) pressure events are generated by mechanical pressure sensors beneatheach individual key on some MIDI keyboards. The r

Meta EventsMeta events are control messages that are specific to Logic Express. They are used toautomate specific Logic Express functions, and to orga

The Event Float WindowThe Event Float window provides information on the currently selected event (or region),and can be compared to a single line of

Catch, Link, and Hierarchy ButtonsMost windows contains Catch, Link, and Hierarchy buttons. These are used to tie orassociate Logic Express windows, a

The Transform window allows you to define a set of conditions and operations that areused to select and alter specific MIDI events.This chapter covers

A number of preset transform sets are available for many common editing tasks. Thesemay be all you’ll ever require, but should the need arise, you can

Depending on your needs, it may be worthwhile spending some time creating your owntransform sets. These can be freely configured and saved as part of

Random PitchSets a random pitch for note events.Change the Pitch condition values to alter your selection range.Random VelocitySets a random velocity

Random Pitch, Velocity, LengthSets a random pitch, velocity, and length for note events.Change the Pitch, Velocity, and Length condition values to alt

• If you want a less dynamic crescendo, set a smaller value range.• To perform a diminuendo, set a higher value in the top Velocity field, and a lower

This preset is a great creative option for drum regions. The following example assumesthat a “four-on-the-floor” kick, snare, hi-hat, and other percus

HumanizeAdds a random value to the position, velocity, and length of selected note events. Thispreset is useful on rhythmic parts, such as clavinet or

Reverse PitchInverts the pitch of all note events.Change the Flip operation value to set a pivot point note number, around which noteevent pitches wil

Global TracksAll linear editing windows feature global tracks, which are displayed just below the Barruler, when opened. Click the disclosure triangle

Exponential VelocityAlters the scaling of the velocity curve. This preset is of particular use on software or MIDIinstrument parts. Velocity is genera

Velocity LimiterLimits the velocity to a maximum value. This is perfect for transforming instrument partsthat are too strident, by limiting the veloci

Maximum Note LengthSets the maximum length of all note events.Change the Length value field in the Operations area to define the maximum note length.E

Quantize Note LengthQuantizes the note length. This preset actually quantizes the note end position.Change the Length value field in the Operations ar

Using the Transform Window ParametersThis section discusses the use of the individual Transform window elements, providingan overview of what each opt

• Delete selected events: Choose this mode to delete selected events. This mode allowsyou to use the Transform window as a programmable erase function

To set all other selection conditionsµClick the pop-up menus (in each column that is needed) to define the selection criteriafor events.One or two val

• Fix: The event type is altered. Choose a new event type in the pop-up menu thatappears below the Status Operations menu. Choices include fader, meta

• Mul: The parameter value is multiplied by the set value (accurate to four decimal places).The effect, and use, of this operation is best illustrated

Using the Map128 vertical bars reflect the full MIDI value range (from 0 to 127), and provide a visualoverview of the transformation.Essentially, each

• Chord track: Contains chord symbols that can be derived from MIDI regions or createdwith the mouse. These chord symbols may also be inserted into th

Exchanging Parameter ValuesYou can reroute the value of each of the three event parameters—Channel, Data Byte 1,and Data Byte 2—to the value of a diff

This transform set now appears at the bottom of the Presets list in all Transform windowsfor this project. You should consider saving your user transf

To add a mod wheel controller event (#1) with a value that matches the note’s velocity1 Choose the following settings in the Transform window:• Mode m

To convert MIDI note events to MIDI controller 1 events1 Choose the following settings in the Transform window:• Mode menu: Apply operations to selec

• Operations area: Set Pitch to +-Random, and set the max deviation from the root notein the field below. If you set a value of 12, you’ll achieve a

2 Click Select And Operate.To delete all controller events from a region1 Choose the following settings in the Transform window:• Mode menu: Delete s

The Mixer is an area in Logic Express where you refine the sound of each musical elementin your project, creating a unified mix. This chapter covers h

• Renaming Tracks in the Mixer (p. 792)• Linking Control Surfaces to the Mixer (p. 793)Opening the MixerThere are several ways to open the Mixer in Lo

µDrag the Mixer button, which changes to the Mixer window as you drag it.749Chapter 27 Mixing

The Sample Editor is shown, displaying the contents of the region you just created in theArrange area.5 Click the Audio Bin tab.The Bin contains the a

Getting to Know the MixerThe main elements of the Mixer are as follows:Channel strips and channel strip controlsView buttonsFilter buttons• Channel st

Understanding Channel Strip Types in the MixerThe Mixer displays the following channel strip types:Audio channel strips MIDI channel stripsMaster chan

• Master channel strip: A global level control for all output channel strips. The masterchannel strip changes the gain of all output channel strips wi

• Insert slots: Allow you to insert up to 15 effect plug-ins into each audio, instrument,aux, and output channel strip.• Send slots: Used to route a c

Stage 1: Making PreparationsTake some time to prepare and preview your arrangement before you start mixing.• Preview the tracks in your arrangement to

Note: Another way to do this is to create subgroups using aux channel strips. For moreinformation, see Creating Mix Subgroups.Getting to Know the Mixe

Note: If the Hide Track buttons of grouped tracks are in different states, the H checkboxdisplays “–”.• Editing (Selection) checkbox: Selecting a regi

Assigning Channel Strips to Mixer GroupsYou can assign a channel strip to single or multiple groups.To assign a channel strip to a group1 Click the ch

Disabling Mixer GroupsYou can temporarily disable all group parameter links—applying a group clutch—tochange the volume of an individual channel strip

To mute a channel stripµClick the channel strip’s Mute button (marked with an M).Click the button a second time to restore the channel strip to its pr

Tip: If no software instrument track exists, you can also drag the Apple Loop from theLoop Browser directly into the blank Arrange area. A track and c

To disable the solo state of one or more channel stripsDo one of the following:µClick the channel strip’s active Solo button.µOption-click any active

When setting channel strip levels, you use the following channel strip elements:Peak level displayVolume faderLevel meter• Peak level display: Numeric

Signal clipping occurs when too loud a signal is fed through the output channel strip,thereby exceeding the limit of what can be accurately reproduced

To avoid clipping1 Check the red value shown in the peak level display of the channel strip, which indicatesclipping.In the figure below, 1.7 dB is sh

Understanding a Channel Strip’s Level MeterAll channel strips feature segmented level meters that display the playback or inputmonitoring level. The i

To change the level meter scale1 Open Display preferences by doing one of the following:• Choose Logic Express > Preferences > Display (or use t

For example, imagine the concert stage in front of you. Where are the keyplayers—drummer, bass player, singer, and so on—positioned? Begin by placing

Sonically, the result of using effects as effect processors sounds nothing like the result ofusing send effects. Take the example of using a common ef

By creating a send, you split the channel strip’s signal in two. The channel strip’s mainsignal continues its route to the chosen output. The other pa

Controlling Signal Flow in the MixerYou can control signal flow in the Mixer using aux channel strips, output channel strips,or multi-output instrumen

11 Select the software instrument track, then click the Inspector button.The left channel strip displays the software instrument and effect of the sel

For details about how to create aux channel strips, see Creating Aux Channel Strips inthe Mixer.Creating Mix SubgroupsYou can group several channel st

For example, you might have a main signal with the output destination set to externalspeakers. At the same time, you would like to hear the signal as

Logic Express supports the multiple outputs of the EXS24 mkII, Ultrabeat, and all Audio Unitinstruments. One or more multi-output options may be displ

2 Within the instrument interface, you need to set up the output routing for individualsounds or samples. This is generally done using a menu with ent

An aux channel strip appears to the right of the instrument channel strip, already assignedto the inserted multi-output instrument.4 Repeatedly click

When using output channel strips in this way, you cannot apply any further send effectsto the signal flow, as you would using aux channel strips. You

To define the stereo output1 Open Audio preferences by doing one of the following:• Choose Logic Express > Preferences > Audio (or use the Open

To define a channel strip’s mono outputµOpen the Output slot of a channel strip, and choose the required mono output from theOutput > Mono pop-up m

Open the View menu in the Mixer and choose MIDI Channel Strip Components, thenchoose all of the items that appear in the submenu—Instrument Name, Prog

• Program button: Allows you to select a sound by name—click it to open a menu thatcontains either GM sound names (the default setting) or sound names

Checkboxes and ButtonsCheckboxes are square boxes that are selected when you click them, in order to activatean option (or function). Click the checkb

To assign a controller to one of the knobs1 Click the label above the knob.2 Choose a controller from the menu.Saving and Restoring MIDI Channel Strip

To configure GS or XG effects1 Choose a standard from the pop-up menu.Depending on your selection, other pop-up menus and fields for the extended effe

• Output channel strips—used as a routing destination for the original channel strip (orfor other displayed channel strips)—shown in ascending order•

To automatically create a track for a selected channel strip in the Arrange areaµIn the Mixer, choose Options > “Create Arrange Tracks for Selected

Note: To view channel strips associated with folder tracks, make sure Folder Tracks ischosen in the Mixer’s View menu.Folder trackTo enter the folder

Viewing Track Notes in the MixerTrack-specific notes can be viewed, created, and edited in the Mixer area, as well as inthe Notes area (see Working in

Using Link Modes in the MixerThe Link mode options—No Link, Same Level Link, and Content Link—allow you to definehow information is displayed in the M

3 Repeat the process for the Short (name) column (type 12, for example).The short name is used in the Send slots.Output 12, if used, will be replaced

To paste a mixer setup1 Select the target project.2 Open the Mixer.3 Choose Options > Paste Audio Configuration.Adjusting Elements of Multiple Mixe

µClick a track in the Arrange area that is not already selected in the Mixer.The clicked track is then selected in the Mixer.Adjusting Mixer Parameter

If you want to select an item that is outside the visible section of the menu, move themouse over the arrow at the top or bottom edge of the menu. The

To choose an effect or instrument for all selected channel stripsµClick an unused Insert or Instrument slot on any of the selected channel strips, and

To adjust the input or output routing of all selected channel stripsµClick the Input or Output slot on any of the selected channel strips, and choose

Tip: When you double-click the Output slot of any audio channel strip, you jump to theassigned Output channel strip fader, thus accelerating navigatio

Linking Control Surfaces to the MixerControl surface groups follow changes in the Mixer, including changes to the Mixer view,when the Link Control Sur

Logic Express features a sophisticated, yet simple-to-use, track-based automation systemthat allows you to create and play back fully automated mixes.

• Offsetting Automation (p. 810)• Editing Track Automation Data in the Event List (p. 812)• Writing Track Automation with External Controllers (p. 812

The gray automation area appears on all tracks, and the Automation Parameter menu isdisplayed in the track header. This allows you to choose the visib

This can be the Volume fader, pan pot, or any other parameter of the track’s channel strip.The parameters are represented by the following preset colo

2 Click the Arrange tab, then adjust the Regions and Other Data sliders in the AutomationTransparency section.You also have the option of viewing each

Using Advanced Recording Commands466Coloring Takes While Recording466Marking a Good Take While Recording468MIDI Step Input Recording469Editing Audio T

Once you have a good understanding of Logic Express fundamentals, and how you liketo work, you can freely assign your own set of key commands. Logic E

To view all recorded automation data on subtracksµOption-click the (closed) triangle to open up to 30 automation subtracks, which willdisplay existing

To set the same automation mode for all tracksµPress Option, and choose an automation mode in the Automation Mode menu in theMixer or Arrange channel

If a channel strip or an external (touch-sensitive) automation controller is touched, theexisting track automation data of the active parameter is rep

2 Select checkboxes in the “Write Automation for” section.The Write Mode Changes To menu determines the mode that Logic Express switches toafter a Wri

• Choose a parameter in the arrange track list, and move the value slider to the right ofthe track list, with one of the write modes turned on.• Move

• Click outside of all track automation lanes (on the Arrange area background) to deselectall automation data.• Drag a selected area to move all selec

Nodes will be created along the line.You can create one or two nodes on each side of a rectangular selection area.To create one node on each side of a

• Delete All Automation on Selected Track: Removes all types of automation data from theselected track (default key command assignment: Shift-Control

Note: Moving automation data that resides on a grouped track, and with the relevantcheckboxes selected in the Group Settings window (volume, pan, send

A dialog asks if you want to convert, or “copy and convert,” the source parameter datainto automation data for the destination parameter. The “copy an

Logic Express allows you to customize your window setup to fit both your working styleand the task at hand. While you will perform most of your work i

To adjust the track automation data for an entire automation laneDo one of the following:µHold down Command while dragging vertically in the numerical

To offset your automation when Snap Automation is active1 Open Automation preferences by doing one of the following:• Choose Automation Snap Offset in

Editing Track Automation Data in the Event ListLogic Express allows track automation data to be altered in a dedicated Event List window,which can onl

Using Automation Quick AccessThe Automation Quick Access feature makes track automation extremely fast and simpleif you only have one hardware MIDI co

Enabling and Disabling Automation Quick AccessIf you choose the modulation wheel for Automation Quick Access, you might want toswitch between using it

To activate Hyper Draw for the currently selected regions or events in the Arrangearea, Piano Roll, or Score EditorµChoose an event type directly from

To set the MIDI ChannelµChoose a channel number from the View > Hyper Draw > Channel submenu.The chosen channel number is also displayed alongsi

To use the Note Velocity mode1 Choose View > Hyper Draw > Note Velocity.Piano Roll Editor in Note Velocity mode2 Click and hold until you see th

• Hyper Draw: Pitch Bend• Hyper Draw: Note Velocity• Hyper Draw: Other• Hyper Draw: AutodefineConversion of Automation DataYou can convert track a

You can render all or specific channels to one or more audio files, and even burn directlyto a CD or DVD with the Bounce function. The Bounce process

Understanding the Window TypesThere are two different types of windows in Logic Express: normal windows and floatingwindows.Working in Normal Windows

Stage 2: Define the Bounce RangeDefine the bounce range. See Defining the Bounce Range.Stage 3: Set the Bounce ParametersSet the parameters in the Bou

Defining the Bounce RangeBefore bouncing, it is best to define the range of the project that you want to bounce.The default values for the Start and E

Defining Parameters in the Bounce WindowAfter routing channel strips to an output (see Routing Channel Strips to an Output) anddefining a bounce range

Setting Global Parameters in the Bounce WindowSeveral global options are available in the Bounce window, regardless of the file typesbeing bounced.• D

• Start and End fields: These fields define the boundaries of the project segment that youwant to write to the bounce file. The defaults for these fie

• Normalize pop-up menu: You can choose between the following three states:• Off: Normalization is turned off.• Overload Protection Only: Downward nor

• Dithering pop-up menu: Dithering is recommended when bouncing 24-bit recordingsinto 16-bit files.• Add to Audio Bin checkbox: Select to add the boun

Select the MP3 name (and select its checkbox) in the Destination pane to access thefollowing options:• Bit Rate (Mono/Stereo) pop-up menus: MP3 bit ra

• “Filter frequencies below 10 Hz” checkbox: When this option is selected (the default),frequencies below 10 Hz (which are usually not reproduced by s

• “Add to iTunes library” checkbox: Adds the encoded MP3 file to the iTunes library.Setting M4A: AAC Format Options in the Bounce WindowClick the M4A

Key focus areas within windows—such as the Arrange window—are indicated by a whitefocus frame around the focused area.To assign key focus to a window

Setting Burn Options in the Bounce WindowChoose the Burn: (CDDA or DVDA) name (and select its checkbox) in the Destinationpane to access the followin

Note: If your system contains multiple burners, the first one detected is chosen as thedefault.SpeedThe first time you use the Speed pop-up menu, a re

To set the bounce filename and folder1 Type a new filename in the Save As field to change the default filename.2 Click the New Folder button in the lo

• POWr #3 (Noise Shaping): Additional, optimized noise shaping is used, which can extendthe dynamic range by 20 dB within the 2–4 kHz range—the range

You can save both audio and software instrument regions as Apple Loops in Logic Express.For audio regions, a default set of transients—based on the pr

Creating Apple Loops in Logic ExpressWhen you save a region as an Apple Loops file in Logic Express, the region is added tothe loop library and appear

• Set the file type, which can be One-shot or Looped. If the length of the audio file is notprecisely trimmed to contain a number of whole bars, One-s

Because one-shots are handled like normal audio files, the usual stereo or mono regionsymbol is shown alongside the filename (rather than the Apple Lo

You can use one of the following options to ensure that loops created from softwareinstrument regions will sound the same as the original regions:• Dr

The Preferences and Project Settings windows are examples of floating windows.Floating windows are usually recognizable by their narrower, gray title

There are two possible reasons for the wrong length:• The audio recording was recorded at the project tempo, but not cut correctly. In thissituation,

3 In the Add Region to Apple Loops Library dialog that appears:• Type in a name for the loop, choose the scale, genre, instrument category, instrument

As an alternative, you can use the Batch Convert function found in the Browser tosimultaneously convert multiple ReCycle files into Apple Loops.To con

Adding Acid Loops to the Loop BrowserThe Loop Browser also displays Acid Loops. Acid Loops don’t contain tags like Apple Loops.In Acid Loops, this inf

The Change Display Only mode does not work with Apple Loops used on audio tracks.This shouldn’t pose a problem, as you won’t normally need this functi

The global Transpose track transposes Apple Loops used on audio tracks by a maximumof that great when transposed over a greater range. This is also tr

If you want to turn an Apple Loops file into an audio file that uses the project’s tempoand key settings, select the loop (or loops) and choose File &

The Score Editor allows you to view and edit MIDI regions as traditional music notation.This chapter will not teach you music theory, nor how to read

• Selecting Multiple Regions in the Score Editor (p. 938)• Display Parameters (p. 939)• Hidden MIDI Regions (p. 944)• Using Note Attributes to Change

µDrag the Score button, which changes to the Score Editor window as you drag it.µHold down the Option key and double-click any event in the Piano Roll

To open a windowDo one of the following:µChoose Window > [window type] (Arrange, Score, and so on) in the main menu bar (oruse the corresponding ke

Getting to Know the Score EditorThe main elements of the Score Editor are as follows:Event parameter boxDisplay parameter boxPart box• Display Paramet

• Stage 4: Inputting Events, Symbols, and Text• Stage 5: Editing the Whole Score• Stage 6: Printing a ScoreStage 1: Getting Notes into the ScoreThere

Important: Score display parameters have absolutely no effect on MIDI playback, just onthe way MIDI data is shown in the Score Editor. This separate n

This function can also be used on multiple selected notes, which is useful on those rareoccasions when the display settings don’t deliver acceptable r

To switch between the default score display (called the Linear Score view) and PageScore viewµClick the Page View button (to the left of the Layout me

• Fast input of symbols by assignment to selected notes with key commands. These areavailable for some symbols that are attached to notes (accents, ja

• The Display Quantize setting should be set to the smallest note value that you intendto insert. (See Quantize.)2 Set the first playhead insert posit

When working in Full Score view (when more than one MIDI region is displayed), andinserting objects between the staffs (such as dynamic symbols), you

To display the Insert Defaults settingsµClick anywhere in the background of the working area.When inserting events into a staff that uses a polyphonic

You can make the multiple MIDI region selection in either the Arrange area or the ScoreEditor. Shift-click (or drag to select) all applicable regions

µDrag a button at the bottom of the Arrange window. The button changes to the editorwindow as you drag it.µDouble-click an audio region in the Arrange

To resize the Hyper Draw areaµGrab and vertically move the dividing line that separates the Hyper Draw area from theScore Editor area.For more informa

To change the arrangement of groupsµClick one of the squares in the Part Box Group menu.The corresponding group moves to the top of the panel, allowin

The palette windows can have different shapes, depending on the modifier key you holddown while double-clicking a Part Box Group menu square:• Normal

If you execute any of these key commands more than once, the following applies:• Twice in succession, the corresponding triplet value is selected.• Th

Note Objects in the Part BoxThe Part Box Group menu square that represents notes, in the top section of the Partbox, is divided into three parts: not

Sustain Pedal Symbols in the Part BoxThese two symbols are the only score symbols—apart from notes—that directly representMIDI events (MIDI controller

Dynamic Symbols in the Part BoxDynamic symbols can be inserted at any position in the score. They are purely graphicsymbols, and have no effect on the

The gray note head makes a note’s head, and associated ties, invisible. This note isdisplayed with a gray note head onscreen, allowing further edits.

Note: The symbols in this Part box group can affect the velocity and playback length ofnotes they are assigned to.To make these symbols affect playbac

Key Signature Symbols in the Part BoxKey signatures inserted in the Score Editor (or global Signature track or Signature List)affect all instruments o

µClick the close button at the top-left corner of the window.µOption-click the close button to close all windows of the active project.Note: If you cl

Apart from 2/4, 3/4, 4/4, 6/8, and the alternative display options for 4/4 and 2/2, thereare also Part box objects for freely definable time signature

The trill line and arpeggio lines can be set to any length, by dragging their end points.The trill line can also span line breaks.The accidental symbo

D.S., D.C., Segno, and Coda Signs in the Part BoxThese symbols can be inserted at any position in the score.They are graphic symbols, and do not affec

Note: The tempo indicators in the Transport bar and the Tempo List always refer to quarternotes, even if a time signature with another denominator is

Page and Line Break Symbols in the Part BoxBreak symbols (and No Line Break and No Page Break objects) can be inserted as events.Once inserted, they c

General Editing in the Score EditorThis section covers basic editing methods that are used in the Score Editor. For generalMIDI editing information, s

• Absolute Change (all values set to an equal value): Hold down Option while grabbingthe “*” with the mouse, and use the mouse as a slider. As soon as

To restrict movement to one direction (vertical or horizontal)µHold down the Shift key while dragging.There is also a general preference for this cons

To paste the Clipboard contents into several regions1 Select all appropriate regions (either in the Arrange area or Score Editor) by Shift-clickingthe

To delete an objectDo one of the following:µSelect the object, then choose Edit > Delete (or press the Delete key).µClick the object with the Erase

Here is an example of a possible window setup: Imagine you want to edit the MIDI notesof various MIDI regions. You may want to increase the height of

An alias can be assigned a staff style different from its parent region. (For information onstaff styles, see Working with Staff Styles.) For example,

Using the Layout ToolThe Layout tool (located in the Score Editor’s Tool menu) is used to graphically moveevents in the Score Editor, in order to opti

Resizing Notes and Symbols in the Score EditorYou can change the size of any notes, and most symbols, with the Resize tool (locatedin the Score Editor

µGrab one (or several) notes with the Velocity tool, and move the mouse up or down.The value change can be seen in the help tag, and can also be heard

Creating and Editing Tied Notes in the Score EditorNotes that are displayed as several graphical notes, connected with ties, only representone actual

Creating and Editing N-Tuplets in the Score EditorThe symbol for N-tuplets is found in the triplet group. N-tuplets are groups of notes thatare evenly

• Tuplet note values: Choose from 1/8, 1/16, 1/32 (and so on) tuplets.• Hide Bracket: The bracket is not displayed.• Hide Numbers: The N-tuplet’s numb

The method described above also allows you to create N-tuplets which contain rests orsyncopated note values (double length).Tip: If you want an N-tupl

• Independent Grace: These are always displayed as miniature eighth notes, with a slashacross the stem, and a tie. The tie direction, stem direction,

• They can be moved vertically. Automatic rests cannot be moved.• They can be resized with the Resize tool. Automatic rests cannot be resized.Using Mu

To adjust the size of a windowDo one of the following:µDrag the lower-right corner of the window, as with any window in the Finder.µPosition the mouse

Note: Church rests cannot be longer than nine bars. If this length is exceeded, the modernsymbol automatically replaces the church rest.Multi bar rest

To change the size of clef changes1 Open the Clefs and Signatures project settings by doing one of the following:• Choose Layout > Clefs and Signat

These commands place the corresponding object below or above (Slur Up) the currentlyselected notes. The start point is determined by the first selecte

Particular Attributes of Certain SymbolsCertain symbols contain particular attributes:• Crescendo: The tip determines the general position. At the upp

Editing Repeat Signs and Bar Lines in the Score EditorRepeat signs and bar lines cannot be moved with the mouse. You can, however, movethese symbols (

1st and 2nd EndingsFollowing the insertion of one of the repeat endings, text entry mode is automaticallyactivated. The default text is “1.” and “2.”

To insert text in the score1 Select a text object in the Part box.2 Do one of the following:• Drag the text object to the desired position.• Select th

Each text object (except text in the header, or at or outside of the page margins) is savedas a meta event within a particular MIDI region, at a certa

Setting Special Text Object ParametersYou can set the following options for the selected text object in the Event Parameter box:• Staff number value:

To open the Text Styles windowµChoose Text > Text Styles in the Score Editor.The first 15 lines contain the default text styles, which exist in eve

Audio Editing and Processing in the Sample Editor554Adjusting the Project Tempo in the Sample Editor565Using Sample Editor Loop Functions565Undoing Ed

To minimize a windowDo one of the following:µSelect the window, then choose Window > Minimize (or use the Minimize Window keycommand, default assig

• Tempo Symbols: Used for the display of numbers in tempo symbols. (See Tempo andSwing Symbols in the Part Box.)• Octave Symbols: Used for the display

Score sets determine which instrument tracks are included in the score display. Eachproject can contain as many score sets as required. Full details o

When a global text object is selected, the Event Parameter box contains some additionalparameters:• Align pop-up menu: Although alignments relating to

These automatic text objects can be inserted as both global text (in the margin areas),or as text objects that are related to a bar position (in one o

Setting All Words and Syllables to the Same HeightIf you don’t enter the lyrics in one continuous process, it is unlikely that the lyric objectswill b

2 Enter the text for the chord.A chord symbol can include a root note, a separate bass note, and two lines of extensions.As you enter the text for the

µDouble-click one of the extensions.An insertion point appears in the extension line, allowing you to edit the extension thesame way you do regular te

Transposing Chord SymbolsChord symbols inserted into transposing staff styles are transposed automatically, justlike notes. Furthermore, if the Transp

The Chord Grid Library window consists of two or three tabbed pages, depending onwhich method you use to open the window. These tabbed pages are the I

Getting to Know the Instrument EditorThe Instrument Editor pane allows you to view, create, and edit instrument tunings andchord grid libraries. You c

µSet the default size for plug-in windows in the Logic Express > Preferences > Display >Mixer pane. This scaling applies to all plug-ins.Work

Getting to Know the Chord Grid SelectorThe Chord Grid Selector allows you to select and filter individual chord grids from yourinstrument tunings and

• Left-Handed checkbox: Change the chord grid view to suit left-handed users.Other Parameters• Playback button: Click to listen to a selected chord gr

• Number of Strings field: Displays the default number of strings for the chosen instrument.• Capo pop-up menu: Choose the fret on which to place the

To insert a chord grid symbol1 Do one of the following:• Drag a chord grid symbol from the Part box into the score.• Choose a chord grid symbol in the

After inserting chord grid symbols in your score, you can edit their size and positionaccordingly.To change the scale of a chord grid symbolµControl-c

To align selected chord grid symbols verticallyµSelect multiple chord grid symbols, Control-click (or right-click) any one of them, thenchoose Align O

To modify the chord of an existing chord grid symbolµDouble-click the chord grid symbol, choose another in the Chord Grid Selector, then clickOK.Creat

To display higher frets in the chord grid viewµClick 1st to open a pop-up menu, then choose another fret number.Creating, Editing, and Deleting Finger

To move an existing fingering dotDo one of the following:µClick another fret on the same string.µDrag the dot to a new fret position.918 Chapter 31 Wo

To define the finger number on a fingering dotµControl-click (or right-click) a dot, then choose a number between 0 and 5.To create an optional finger

In the Piano Roll and Hyper Editors, a step up the display hierarchy shows the events ofall regions in the Arrange area.Clicking the Hierarchy button

µOption-click an existing dot to change it to an optional dot. An empty string is shown asa result.To delete a fingering dotDo one of the following:µS

µClick the area at the top of the string.The result is the same using either approach: the string is open.Creating, Editing, and Deleting BarresYou c

To create a barreDo one of the following:µDrag the left or right edge of an existing dot to the right or left.µPlace the pointer over a string, then d

To delete a barreµSelect a barre so that it turns green, then press the Delete key.Muting and Unmuting StringsYou can mute and unmute strings on a cho

The string is muted.To unmute a stringµClick the area at the top of the string.924 Chapter 31 Working with Notation

The string is open.Creating, Renaming, and Deleting Chord Grid LibrariesYou can create a new chord grid library for an existing instrument tuning, or

• Choose Layout > Chord Grid Library in the Score Editor’s menu bar, then click theInstrument Editor tab.2 Click the Create button.3 In the Create

3 In the Create Library dialog that appears, define the following parameters:• Library Name field: Type in a name for the chord grid library.• Tuning

Importing and Exporting Chord Grid LibrariesYou can import and export chord grid libraries from the Instrument Editor tab.To import a chord grid libra

4 Enter a name for the library, and browse to the location in which to save it.5 Click Save.Working with Tablature MarkingsThe following is an overvie

You can move the visible section by clicking the scroll arrows, or dragging the scroller.There are two points to note:• The size relationship of the s

• Up/Downstroke: Placement is at the top of the tablature view.• Ties: Placement is within the tablature view.• Line Up/Down: Placement is within the

To view the Signature ListDo one of the following:µChoose Options > Open Signature List.µShift-double-click in the Signature track.The Signature Li

Note: If you perform this procedure when the track height is reduced, a time signaturechange is created.• The Beat Grouping text field allows you to d

To create a key signatureDo one of the following:µClick a position in the Signature track’s key signature area with the Pencil tool, then choosea key

Copying SignaturesYou can copy time signatures and key signatures in the Signature List or Signature track.You can also copy all time and key signatur

If you make a cut in the middle of a bar—in a section where the time signature doesn’tchange—two corresponding shorter measures are inserted, with the

µChoose a number from the Alternative pop-up menu in the Signature List.µChoose a number from the Alternative pop-up menu in the Signature track.For f

Transcribing MIDI RecordingsTraditional music notation is only an approximate description of the musical content ina piece. The actual performance dep

When simultaneously changing the settings of several selected MIDI regions, the top lineof the Display Parameter box indicates the number of regions o

Display ParametersThis section outlines all of the display parameters available in the Score Editor. To reiteratethe point, these only affect the appe

To scroll both vertically and horizontally at the same timeDo one of the following:µPress Shift-Control, click-hold the Arrange window background, the

Corresponding note lengthQuantize setting1/128-note triplets1921/256-note triplets384When binary display quantizations are used, automatic triplets ar

Fixing the Score Quantize ValueThe Functions > Quantization > Fix Displayed Note Positions and Fix Displayed NotePositions and Durations command

• Defeat InterpretationSyncopationIf Syncopation is enabled, each (MIDI) note is notated as one graphic note (not displayedas several tied notes), reg

When set to off, the score display shows the lengths of the notes fairly precisely. Themusic is definitely harder to read this way, however.The effect

ScoreThis parameter is accessed via the Inspector’s Region Parameter box. If Score is turnedoff here, the MIDI region is not displayed in the score at

To change note attributesDo one of the following:µDouble-click note head to open the Note Attributes window.Only one note can be changed at a time in

Changing the Horizontal Position of NotesYou can set the horizontal position of each note, individually.To change a note’s horizontal positionDo one o

• Flats To Sharps• Sharps To Flats• Force Accidental• Hide Accidental• Guide AccidentalChanging the Stem Direction and LengthBy default, a note’s stem

Changing the Beaming of NotesBy default, the beaming of notes depends on the chosen time signature, the Beat Groupingsetting in the Time Signature dia

Changing the Syncopation of NotesBy default, note syncopation is set in accordance with the setting in the Display Parameterbox.To change a note’s Syn

To zoom inµClick the widely spaced bars to increase the zoom level.You can drag the zoom sliders to step through several zoom levels. Any relative siz

• Independent GraceChanging the Color of a NoteYou can assign different colors to individual notes, in accordance with the three colorpalettes.To assi

Assigning Staff Styles to MIDI RegionsYou can assign a different staff style to each individual MIDI region. In most circumstances,the predefined staf

Note: Auto Style can only be chosen in the Arrange area’s Track Parameter box, and doesnot appear in the list of staff styles in the Score Editor’s Di

TranspositionClef typeStaff style-Alto clefViola-Bass clefVioloncelloMappedPercussion Clef# DrumsGetting to Know the Staff Style WindowThe main elemen

• Voice parameters: The parameters for independent voices. Each line below the wordVoice represents one independent voice. The term voice only relates

A staff style includes the following editable parameters:• Number of staffs (for the display of one MIDI region)• For polyphonic, multiple staff style

To copy a staff style and assign it to a selected MIDI region1 Select a MIDI region in the Score Editor.2 Click the Style parameter in the Display Par

Copying Voices or Staffs into Other Staff StylesYou can copy one (or several) voices and staffs, inclusive of their parameters, into otherstaff styles

5 Click the Import button.All staff styles from the other project are imported into the current one.To copy particular staff styles from other project

NameDouble-clicking in the name box to the left of the Staff and Voice columns allows you toenter a new staff style name.About Key RangeNotes that fal

• Left or right on the horizontal scroll barAs you drag, the window contents zoom.Zooming with the TrackpadThe trackpad can be used to zoom in and out

SizeUse this parameter to determine the size of the staff, and the notes and symbols (includingslurs and ties) it contains.There are 16 sizes availabl

Note: The Automatic Key Transposition project setting affects the whole project, but stillindicates the nontransposed basic key signature. Hide Key su

HeadControls the appearance of note heads. You can choose to display note heads as normal,show note names or finger names, or hide the note heads comp

In addition, you can also use Score Editor functions designed to speed up the process ofchanging the MIDI channel settings of notes, in order to assig

2 Draw a line (between notes) where you want to separate the voices.Notes below the line are moved to the MIDI channel below their current assignment.

One solution is to use a staff style with a main voice and a secondary voice. The parametersfor the main voice should be set as you would a nonpolypho

You can, of course, also insert notes directly into polyphonic staffs without turning onthe Explode Polyphony setting. In this situation, inserted not

To beam notes that do not belong to the same staff1 Change the voice assignments for the notes that you want to connect with beams (inthe lower staff)

Note: As always, rests are displayed automatically in Logic Express, as per the Rest settingsin the staff style. Given the cross staff beaming situati

Prior to defining the details of a mapped staff style, you should set up all drum groups,note head shapes, and relative note position parameters in th

To change the zoom level using the Waveform Zoom button1 Click-hold the Waveform Zoom button. A slider appears.2 Drag the slider. As you do, the wavef

These options allow you to have two different MIDI notes (different bass drum sounds,for example) displayed in the same way in the score, or on the sa

Using Score Sets to Create Scores and PartsYou can use score sets to determine which instrument tracks should be included in thescore display. Each pr

Getting to Know the Score Set WindowYou can create and edit score sets in the Score Set window.To open the Score Set windowDo one of the following:µCh

Full NameClick any line in this column to open an entry field that contains the default “@(reference).”If you don’t change this, the name of the track

Brackets and bar lines can also be interrupted between staffs, allowing you to form groupsof connected instruments in a score. If you want to delete a

Editing Score SetsOnce you have created a score set, you can change the assignment of instrument entries,add instruments, or change their order.To ass

Scaling doesn’t take place on instrument parts that were created by Option-clicking theScore Set pop-up menu and choosing the instrument from the pop-

For the default All Instruments set, the score settings are always used, except when asingle MIDI region is displayed. In this situation, the part set

To switch to Page Score viewDo one of the following:µChoose View > Page View in the Score Editor (or use the corresponding key command).µClick the

Note: If you drag more bars into a line than would be displayed when employing theautomatic line break function, overlapping notes and symbols may res

Zooming In on One Section of the ScreenTo enlarge a section of the screen to fill the whole window, drag to select the area withthe Zoom tool.You can

Editing Local MarginsYou can move the left and right margin of each individual staff system with the Layouttool, so that they do not align horizontall

• Page Display Options > Show Margins2 Set the margin values by dragging the orange lines.3 Set the header space value by dragging the purple line.

3 Start printing by choosing File > Print (or using the corresponding key command, defaultassignment: Command-P).A dialog, which may vary slightly

To export the score as an image1 Select the Camera tool.2 Drag across the part of the score section you want to export. A selection rectangle appearsa

Displaying FoldersIf the current display level allows more than one MIDI region to be viewed simultaneously(linked or unlinked), the View > Explode

Changing the Length of Duration BarsYou can change the length of duration bars displayed in the Score Editor.To change the length of duration barsµPla

Moving project data between programs and devices in your own or external studios iscommonplace these days. Unfortunately, not every application or dev

Sharing Logic Express Data over a NetworkLogic Express allows you to share or back up your data over a network, making it easierto collaborate on proj

Sharing is essentially broken down into two tasks:• Data Access: Browse your, or other user, data on a local network or a MobileMe account.• Data Shar

Note: When a marquee selection is active, using this key command changes the currentzoom level to fit the marquee selection.• Zoom to fit Selection ve

• When you try to back up/share data from another computer, a warning dialog explainsthat only the master computer can “push” data. This dialog includ

By default, all items of the matching data type (plug-in or channel strip settings) aremarked as shared.To disable or enable sharing on a per setting

You have the choice of your own account (this accesses the backup folder) or anotheraccount (which accesses the Public folder).• Input the name of the

2 Click the Create button in the dialog.Note: Use this feature before performing a destructive editing operation in the SampleEditor, as it provides a

• Are copied into the project folder (if the “Copy” checkbox is selected).To choose project assetsµSelect the “Copy external audio files to project fo

Importing Standard MIDI FilesAn import only loads MIDI region data (notes, controller, SysEx, pitchbend, specific metaevents) into an opened project,

Note: As a default behavior, Logic Express automatically creates software instrumenttracks for each MIDI track, and assigns an appropriate GarageBand

Note: Remember that most hardware sequencers can only read MS-DOS formatted disks,so limit your filename to an 8.3 character name; for example, “proj0

Working with OMF FilesThe OMF (Open Media Framework, also known as OMFI—Open Media FrameworkInterchange) file format is typically used to exchange dat

Importing and Opening OMF FilesThe following procedure is identical for both importing and opening OMF files. Importinga file copies the OMF data into